14 research outputs found

    Rootstocks in Relation to Control of Tristeza

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    Reação da laranjeira azĂȘda Ă  tristeza Reaction of the sour orange plant to tristeza

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    Mudinhas novas de laranjeira azĂȘda podem ser infetadas com o vĂ­rus da tristeza por meio do afĂ­dio vetor da molĂ©stia ou mais fĂ cilmente por enxertia. Plantas adultas sĂŁo muitos resistentes, quase imunes. A recuperação do vĂ­rus da tristeza de plantas de laranja azeda infetadas Ă© efetuada com facilidade por meio de enxertia e com muita dificuldade por meio do vetor. Os sintomas comumente apresentados por mudinhas de laranja azĂȘda afetadas, consistem em amarelecimento das fĂŽlhas novas, paralisação no crescimento e eventual queda das fĂŽlhas amareladas. Em caso de infecção com estirpes fracas do vĂ­rus, os sintomas sĂŁo menos evidentes e comumente hĂĄ recuperação. As fĂŽlhas formadas apĂłs recuperação, muitas vĂȘzes apresentam palidez de pequenas extensĂ”es das nervuras. Os tecidos do floema da laranjeira azĂȘda, abaixo do enxĂȘrto de laranjeira doce infetada, mostram degeneração. Êstes sintomas tĂȘm sido utilizados para distinguir a tristeza de outras molĂ©stias que causam declĂ­nio da planta. Sintomas de depressĂ”es no lenho ("pitting") raramente se manifestam em laranjeira azĂȘda. NĂŁo se conhece presentemente nenhuma variedade de laranja azĂȘda tolerante Ă  tristeza, nĂŁo se podendo, portanto, utilizar ĂȘsse cavalo para copas nas quais o vĂ­rus da tristeza se multiplica e atinge concentraçÔes elevadas. Entretanto, a laranjeira azeda ainda pode ser usada como cavalo para alguns limĂ”es dos tipos Eureka e Siciliano e para a prĂłpria laranjeira azĂȘda, em ĂĄreas invadidas pela molĂ©stia. HĂĄ possibilidade de que o cavalo de azĂȘda possa vir a ser novamente empregado para variedades que usualmente perecem quando nela enxertadas, lançando-se mĂŁo de medidas auxiliares como a inoculação prĂ©via da copa com uma estirpe fraca do vĂ­rus, pela utilização do tipo de copa com uniĂŁo mĂșltipla, etc. Borbulhas de plantas de laranja azĂȘda afetadas pela tristeza nem sempre encerram o vĂ­rus. Borbulhas de plantas afetadas ou de plantas sadias se desenvolvem mais ou menos satisfatĂČriamente quando sĂŽbre-enxertadas em galhos de laranjeira doce sobre laranjeira azĂȘda, jĂĄ em avançado estado de declĂ­nio. Uma copa mista de laranjeiras azĂȘda e doce sĂŽbre cavalo de azĂȘda pode causar alguns benefĂ­cios Ă  planta afetada pela tristeza sob determinadas condiçÔes, mas ĂȘsse benefĂ­cio nĂŁo Ă© duradouro e o mĂ©todo nĂŁo oferece possibilidades prĂĄticas. A laranjeira azĂȘda em viveiro tem sido utilizada com vantagem na determinação da presença do vĂ­rus da tristeza em borbulhas de vĂĄrios tipos de Citrus, pela observação do crescimento feito a partir dessas borbulhas em comparação com aquĂȘle de borbulhas da mesma variedade garantidamente sadias. Para a determinação da presença de estirpes fracas do vĂ­rus o mĂ©todo Ă© mais demorado. Interenxertos de laranjeira azĂȘda entre copas e raĂ­zes de laranjeira doce sĂŁo suficientes para que haja manifestação de sintomas da molĂ©stia. HĂĄ aparentemente alguma translocação atravĂ©s do interenxĂȘrto, pois o desenvolvimento do cavalo abaixo e acima dele Ă© aproximadamente igual.<br>Young sour orange seedlings are more easily infected with the tristeza virus by approach-grafts than by means of the aphid vector. Under natural conditions adult plants in the field are highly resistant to infection by the aphid vector. Recovery of the tristeza virus from infected sour orange plants is also more easily accomplished by tissue union than by means of the aphid vector. Sour orange seedlings show yellowing of young leaves followed by stunting and shedding of leaves when infected with the ordinary strain of the tristeza virus in Brazil. These symptoms do not differ from those described for seedling yellows. The symptoms of leaf yellowing are less evident in plants infected with mild strains of the tristeza virus and there is subsequent recovery. New flushes of young leaves may show occasional vein dashes. Sour orange tissues below the bud union of the sweet orange onsour orange rootstock show phloem degeneration when the plant is affected with tristeza. These degeneration symptoms have been used to distinguish tristeza disease from other decline diseases that affect the same stock-scion combination. Over 45 varieties of sour oranges have been tried as rootstocks for tristeza infected sweet orange tops and they all behaved as non-tolerant rootstocks. So far no tristeza tolerant sour orange rootstock is known, but it seems entirely possible that crosses between sour orange and tristeza-tolerant citrus varieties may yield F1 hydrids that combine the desirable characteristics of the sour orange rootstock with tristeza tolerant tissues. In case such an F1 hybrid produced large number of nucellar seedlings these could be used as rootstocks. Sour orange varieties can be used as rootstocks for commercial acid lemons or sour orange tops even in areas where tristeza is present. There is as slight possibility that if a somewhat tolerant sour orange is found, it might be used a3 rootstock for grapefruits, sweet orange, mandarin, and other tristeza susceptible tops if complementary controlling measures are employed such as protective inoculation of the scion with mild strains of the virus, use of multiple bud union, etc. Tests have shown that buds from a single budstick taken from a tristeza infected sour orange plant may produce healthy and diseased tops when budded on a sour orange rootstock, thus indicating that tristeza virus was not present in all buds of the infected plant. It has been observed that commercial acid lemon and sour orange buds make satisfactory growth when top worked on tristeza-diseased sweet orange tops on sour orange rootstocks. Attempts have been made to control tristeza disease in sweet orange on sour orange rootstock by inducing the rootstock to develop sprouts and thus produce a sour orange top that would supply sinthates for the roots. The presence of this composite sweet orange and sour orange top may be of benefit to the plant when it is infected by tristeza, but this effect is not lasting and the method has been unsuccessful when tried in commercial orchards in Brazil. Sour orange seedlings in nursery rows have been used in Brazil to determine the presence of the ordinary strains of the tristeza virus in budwood from many citrus varieties. In this "sour test" the growth of buds to be tested has been compared with the growth of healthy buds of the same variety. Intergrafts of sour orange stem between a sweet orange top and a sweet orange rootstock were sufficient to induce the plants to show tristeza symptoms when infected. Three, 10, and 80-100 cm intergrafts were tried and even the 3 cm intergraft was enough to cause injury in the infected plants. When sweet orange was budded with a multiple union, i. e. on three or four upper branches of sour orange plants there was less apparent injury from tristeza virus infection than in case of a single bud union

    Citrus fruits — varieties, chemistry, technology, and quality evaluation. Part I: Varieties, production, handling, and storage

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