Waschmittel- und Wasserrecycling in Gewerblichen und Krankenhauswaeschereien (Phase 1). Teilvorhaben 2: Membranmodifikation zur Tensidabscheidung Abschlussbericht

SIGLEAvailable from TIB Hannover: F00B1136+a / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekBundesministerium fuer Bildung und Forschung, Berlin (Germany); DLR Deutsches Zentrum fuer Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V., Bonn (Germany)DEGerman

Genomic Region Containing Toll-Like Receptor Genes Has a Major Impact on Total IgM Antibodies Including KLH-Binding IgM Natural Antibodies in Chickens

Natural antibodies (NAb) are antigen binding antibodies present in individuals without a previous exposure to this antigen. Keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH)-binding NAb levels were previously associated with survival in chickens. This suggests that selective breeding for KLH-binding NAb may increase survival by means of improved general disease resistance. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were performed to identify genes underlying genetic variation in NAb levels. The studied population consisted of 1,628 adolescent layer chickens with observations for titers of KLH-binding NAb of the isotypes IgM, IgA, IgG, the total KLH-binding (IgT) NAb titers, total antibody concentrations of the isotypes IgM, IgA, IgG, and the total antibodies concentration in plasma. GWAS were performed using 57,636 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). One chromosomal region on chromosome 4 was associated with KLH-binding IgT NAb, and total IgM concentration, and especially with KLH-binding IgM NAb. The region of interest was fine mapped by imputing the region of the study population to whole genome sequence, and subsequently performing an association study using the imputed sequence variants. 16 candidate genes were identified, of which FAM114A1, Toll-like receptor 1 family member B (TLR1B), TLR1A, Krüppel-like factor 3 (KLF3) showed the strongest associations. SNP located in coding regions of the candidate genes were checked for predicted changes in protein functioning. One SNP (at 69,965,939 base pairs) received the maximum impact score from two independent prediction tools, which makes this SNP the most likely causal variant. This SNP is located in TLR1A, which suggests a fundamental role of TLR1A on regulation of IgM levels (i.e., KLH-binding IgM NAb, and total IgM concentration), or B cells biology, or both. This study contributes to increased understanding of (genetic) regulation of KLH-binding NAb levels, and total antibody concentrations

Mixing state of nonvolatile aerosol particle fractions and comparison with light absorption in the polluted Beijing region

In Chinese megacities the problems of air pollution are frequently obvious as hazy layers covering large areas combined with low visibility. To estimate the aerosol effect on regional and global climate, the knowledge of light-absorbing and light-scattering compounds as well as their mixing state is essential. A Volatility Tandem DMA (VTDMA) was used to measure nonvolatile fractions (at 300 degrees C) of submicrometer aerosol particles. The remaining size distributions were divided into three fractions, corresponding to particles with a low-volatile, medium-volatile, and high-volatile fraction. The particles with a low-volatile fraction are equivalent with externally mixed nonvolatile (refractory) material; in the observed size range, this fraction is assumed to consist mainly of soot. Combined with number size distributions, the number and volume concentrations of externally and internally mixed nonvolatile particles were calculated. In a parallel study by Cheng et al. (2009) the results were used in a Mie model and compared with measured absorption coefficients showing a good agreement. During Campaigns of Air Quality Research in Beijing and Surrounding Region 2006 (CAREBeijing-2006), large variations in the mixing state were found, especially between new particle formation and heavily polluted days. The fraction of externally mixed soot decreased from similar to 37% during clean to 18% during heavily polluted periods, parallel to an increase in particle mass concentration mainly caused by the production of secondary aerosol material. In the nucleation mode, high particle number fractions with high-volatile fractions were found (similar to 64% in contrast to similar to 24% on a nonevent day); that is, refractory material is produced during nucleation and growth.Meteorology & Atmospheric SciencesSCI(E)0ARTICLEnull11