Reinforcement of poly (polymethylmethacrylate) with carbon fiber and alumina as a composite material for orthopedic implant

In this work,experimental and theoretical properties of composite materials arepresented. The optimal mechanical properties of the polymer polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA) material that used in manufacturing internal Orthopaedic.The (PMMA) isused as matrix reinforced by two materials,composite with Carbon-fibre(CF) andalumina (Al2O3). The composite materials are controlling three variables; theexistence, amount of (Al2O3 and CF) and the type of angle distribution CF. Thetensile test used to study the mechanical properties. The scanning electron (SEM)linked with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and optical microscopy were persained the presence of the materials, microstructure and solidified samples. The solidwork program was used to make model for bone bridge drowning in three dimensions.The model was used by the finite element analysis ANSYS 14.5 program that is used todesign sample orthopaedic (humerus bone section) and test load 10 Kg applied on it.The theoretical results agree with experimental results in terms of tensile test that isthe composite material PMMA+AL2O3+CF) with uniform distribution for CF givebetter properties in terms of increasing in Yield stress, decreasing density andmaximum deformation

Single molecule Raman detection of enkephalin on silver colloidal particles

Abstract. Enkephalin, an endogeneous substance in the human brain showing morphine-like biological functions, has been detected at the single molecule level based on the surface-enhanced Raman signal of the ring breathing mode of phenylalanine, which is one building block of the molecule. For enhancing the Raman signal the enkephalin molecules have been attached to silver colloidal cluster structures. The experiments demonstrate that the SERS signal of the strongly enhanced ring breathing vibration of phenylalanine at 1000 cm −1 can be used as "intrinsic marker" for detecting a single enkephalin molecule without using a specific label molecule. The reported result suggests the use of the phenylalanine 1000 cm −1 SERS line as spectroscopic signature for monitoring single proteins containing this amino acid as a building block

Conservation status of marine biodiversity of the Western Indian Ocean

The Western Indian Ocean is comprised of productive and highly diverse marine ecosystems that are rich sources of food security, livelihoods, and natural wonder. The ecological services that species provide are vital to the productivity of these ecosystems and healthy biodiversity is essential for the continued support of economies and local users. The stability of these valuable resources, however, is being eroded by growing threats to marine life from overexploitation, habitat degradation and climate change, all of which are causing serious reductions in marine ecosystem services and the ability of these ecosystems to support human communities. Quantifying the impacts of these threats and understanding the conservation status of the region’s marine biodiversity is a critical step in applying informed management and conservation measures to mitigate loss and retain the ecological value of these systems. This report highlights trends in research needs for species in the region, including priorities for fundamental biological and ecological research and quantifying trends in the populations of species. The assessments and analyses submitted in this report should inform conservation decision-making processes and will be valuable to policymakers, natural resource managers, environmental planners and NGOs