A hunter-gatherer-farmer population model: Lie symmetries, exact solutions and their interpretation

The Lie symmetry classification of the known three-component reaction-diffusion system modelling the spread of an initially localized population of farmers into a region occupied by hunter-gatherers is derived. The Lie symmetries obtained for reducing the system in question to systems of ODEs and constructing exact solutions are applied. Several exact solutions of traveling front type are found, their properties are identified and biological interpretation is discussed

Polymorphism of 9p21.3 locus is associated with 5-year survival in high-risk patients with myocardial infarction.

OBJECTIVE: The rs1333049, rs10757278 and rs4977574 are single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of chromosome 9p21 locus that are associated with prevalence of acute coronary syndromes (ACS). The rs1333049 SNP was also associated with cardiac outcome 6 months post ACS. No data concerning their association with long term prognosis after myocardial infarction is available. The aim of our study was to investigate the association of the 9p21.3 locus with 5-year overall mortality in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) treated invasively. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of data collected prospectively in a registry of consecutive patients with STEMI treated with primary PCI. Genotyping was performed with a TaqMan method. The analyzed end-point was total 5-year mortality. RESULTS: The study group comprised 589 patients: 25.3% of females (n = 149), mean age 62.4±11.9 years, total 5-year mortality 16.6% (n = 98). When all the study group was analyzed, no significant differences in mortality were found between the genotypes. However, in high-risk patients (Grace risk score ≥155 points, n = 238), low-risk homozygotes had significantly better 5-year survival compared to other genotypes. The hazard ratio associated with high-risk genotype (high-risk homozygote or heterozygote) was: HR = 2.9 (95%CI 1.4-6.1) for the rs4977574 polymorphism, HR = 2.6 (1.25-5.3) for the rs1333049 one and HR = 2.35 (1.2-4.6) for the rs10757278 one (Cox proportional hazards model). CONCLUSIONS: The 9p21.3 locus is associated with 5-year mortality in high-risk patients with STEMI. This finding, due to very high effect size, could potentially be applied into clinical practice, if appropriate methods are elaborated

Univariate and multivariate analysis for 5-year mortality in a subgroup of high-risk patients (Grace risk score ≥155).

<p>In the brackets values adjusted for severity of coronary artery disease (number of vessels with significant stenosis) are given.</p

The rs4977574 polymorphism and 5-year survival - subgroup of high-risk patients (Grace risk score ≥155).

<p>AA low-risk homozygotes had significantly higher probability of survival compared to other genotypes (p = 0.008 after adjustment for Bonferroni correction, log-rank test).</p

The rs4977574 polymorphism and 5-year survival.

<p>No significant differences were observed between the genotypes.</p

The rs4977574 polymorphism and 5-year survival – medium and low-risk patients (Grace risk score <155).

<p>No significant differences were observed between the genotypes.</p

Baseline characteristics of the study group based on rs4977574 genotype (risk allele- G).

<p>eGFR- estimated GFR, mean values with standard deviations are given, unless otherwise specified.</p

Linkage disequilibrium of investigated SNPs.

<p>Linkage disequilibrium of investigated SNPs.</p

Percentages of specific genotypes and associated mortality rates.

1<p>p = 0.007; ²p = 0.019; ³p = 0.011; chi-2 tests for 3 genotypes; all p values adjusted for Bonferroni correction.</p

The rs10757278 polymorphism and long-term survival - subgroup of high-risk patients (GRACE risk score ≥155) from the derivation group.

<p>GG high-risk homozygotes had significantly higher probability of survival compared to other genotypes (p = 0.032 after adjustment for Bonferroni correction, log-rank test).</p