Directions of development of rural areas in Poland (sustainable agriculture, organic agriculture)

The development of rural areas is determined primarily by the natural environment. Abiotic factors such as soil, water and ambient temperature are very significant for agriculture. At the same time, the development of rural areas is conditioned by demographic aspects, structure of settlement, and professional activity of the local people. The main objective of rural land management is improving the spatial structure and the working and living conditions of the rural population in close relation to environmental protection and development of such grounds. In Poland, agricultural development directions include sustainable and organic agriculture. These forms of agriculture are developing intensively with regard to a large need for maintaining high crop yield and at the same time reducing the environmental burden. The production of high quality food is significant, while the highest possible biological equilibrium in the natural environment should be maintained at the same time. This article aims to indicate that the above-mentioned directions of development of rural areas are very important for Poland and they generate many advantages for the natural environment. In addition, a useful procedure in improving the spatial structure is land consolidation process carried out in rural areas. Its main objective is improving the configuration of land giving it an optimum shape. This process has a positive impact on agriculture and the community living in such areas

The hierarchization of needs related to land consolidation and exchange in rural areas in the villages of district Leżajsk

Rural areas in Poland are characterized by differentiated spatial structure. The spatial structure of rural areas can be improved through the consolidation and exchange of land (Art.1, Act of 26 March 1982 on consolidation and exchange of land) aiming to create more favourable management conditions in agriculture and forestry by improving the territorial structure of farms, forests and forestland, reasonable configuration of land, aligning the limits of real properties with the system of water irrigation facilities, roads and terrain. In connection with such a requirement for the consolidation and exchange of land, a hierarchy of needs and their urgency must be established. Such an approach makes it possible to secure funds for liquidating the spatial structure of agricultural land according to the urgency ranking. The studies were carried out in the rural areas of the Leżajsk poviat

Do sunscreens have more positive or negative effects? Study review

Introduction: UV radiation is related to skin cancers, skin photoaging and sunburn. It can be harmful for human skin, so it is crucial to have a protection against sun rays. Substances protecting people from sun are sunscreens, that block and absorb UV radiation. The first sunscreen was discovered in 1928 and, since then, there have been many concerns about its safety, efectiveness and impant on the environment. Types of accessible sunscreens are physical sunscreens, chemical sunscreens and a combination. This study review is performed to assess possible risks of using sunscreens and evaluate if there are more positive or negative effects of their action. The aim of the study:  To evaluate positive and negative effects of sunscreens action. Materials and methods: We searched Pubmed and ResearchGate in order to find relevant studies about sunscreens and their impact on human skin, human health and environment. Results: There seem to be some adverse effects of sunblockers for the environment, such as destroying coral reefs, bioaccumulating in fish tissue and water sources. In some studies there was mentioned a negative impact of sunscreens on hormonal systems and pregnancy, as well as on human skin. On the other hand, many studies display that sunblockers inhibit the carcinogenic effect of sun rays, preventing people from developing skin cancers. Conclusions: Althought sunscreens can have some negative effects, studies showed that there are more positive effects of their action. They can be harmful for the environment, but at the same time they can be a protection. Sunscreens protect skin from developing skin cancer and also delay skin aging. However, the protection against sun is complex

Plant Based Diets and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes

Introduction: The prevalence of diabetes in the world continues to increase. Most cases of type 2 diabetes are caused by modifiable risk factors, including unhealthy diets based on meat and processed products, low physical activity, overweight and obesity. Research suggests that plant-based diets have shown significant weight reduction benefits compared to non-plant-based diets and improve glycemic control to a greater extent than conventional diabetic diets. The aim of the study: assessment of the frequency of developing diabetes t.2 in people eating various types of vegetarian diets compared to people whose diet contains animal products. Material and methods: Standard criteria were used to review the literature data. The search of articles in the PubMed and Google Scholar database was carried out using the following keywords: plant based diet, vegetarian diet, type 2 diabetes. Description of the state of knowledge: Food products such as red meat, especially processed meat, are one of the most important risk factors for metabolic disorders, including diabetes. A healthy and properly balanced plant-based diet can positively affect the carbohydrate metabolism. Due to the high fiber content, this diet has a low energy density. It also contains flavonoids and a high amount of antioxidants beneficial to human health. Summary: Properly balanced vegetarian diets lower the risk of developing metabolic syndrome and diabetes. Plant-based diets range from vegan, lacto-ovo-vegetarian, peso-vegetarian, and semi-vegetarian diets. Different types of diets show differences in therapeutic effects. The most important factor connecting these different diets is the focusing on whole grains, vegetables and fruits, nuts, legumes, and limiting consumption of saturated and trans fats

Contraception - methods, effectiveness and safety

Introduction The article provides an overview of the available methods of contraception, effectiveness, safety, advantages and disadvantages of using a given contraceptive. The use of contraception is becoming more and more popular in society. There are many methods of contraception. The choice depends mainly on the patient's preferences, but diseases and a well-collected history are also important.   The aim of the study Review the latest literature on methods of contraception   Material and methods The research was conducted using Articles by PubMed and Google Scholar on methods of contraception Description of the state of knowledge:  There are many methods of contraception, Hormonal methods include oral contraceptive pills, contraceptive patches, implants, hormone injections. Barrier products such as copper / levonogestrel IUDs prevent pregnancy by creating a mechanical barrier to prevent conception.  [1,2] The most common method - the use of condoms prevents sperm from entering the uterus. All products and methods have benefits and potential complications, therefore the method should be selected individually for each patient. [6,7] Summary: There are many types of contraception . Some of them are almost 100% effective in preventing pregnancy.  [1,3,4,5,] It should be remembered that each method of contraception should be selected individually, depending on the patient's needs. [8,9] &nbsp

The analysis of the spatial layout of land in relation to less favoured areas (LFA) in the Milejów comune, Łęczna district

Rural land in Poland accounts for more than 90% of the area of the country and plays a very significant role. It is inhabited by 38.1% of the population. Unfortunately, these people are largely unemployed. The present status of the agricultural production space is a result of many centuries of human activity closely connected with social and economic, legal and political conditions. The spatial arrangement of land in the rural areas of central, southern, south eastern and eastern Poland, developed by historical processes, is characterized by the frequent occurrence of individual plot patchworks. An incorrect configuration of land owned by farmers considerably affects the profitability and effectiveness of agricultural production. The accession of Poland to the European Union offered many options for development to our country and in particular to the Polish countryside. Reconstruction of the defective spatial structure in Poland is one of the priorities of the EU’s agricultural policy. Numerous development programmes (SOP, RDP) are used for financing land consolidation and exchange works which are one of the basic tools for transforming ownership and structural relations in rural areas. With regard to the fact that agricultural land in Poland is greatly differentiated, particular attention should be paid to less favoured areas (LFA). It seems obvious that farmers in LFA are not able to generate the same earnings from crops as those generated by farmers in favoured areas. For the purposes of this publication, detailed surveys were carried out in the Milejów commune, Łęczna district, Lublin voivodship. Five villages in that commune were classified as less favoured areas. The analyses showed that Milejów is one of two communes in the Łęczna district with the smallest average area of plot owned by individual farmers. Based on the analysis of the structure of ownership and use, fragmentation and distribution of plots, as well as identification of less favoured areas, an alternative land development model was proposed, along with the reconstruction of the existing arrangement of land through comprehensive consolidation and exchange of land

Stevens–Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis, A Review of Pathogenesis, Clinical Features, Diagnosis and Treatment

Stevens Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are rare, acute conditions, potentially life-threatening, immune-mediated and often unpredictable. Characteristic for SJS and TEN is acute necrosis of the epidermis and mucous membranes, caused by the extensive death of keratinocytes. These syndromes are considered hypersensitivity reactions. They are most often caused by drugs. There have also been reports of SJS / TEN being caused by infection, SJS/TEN disease is very rare and due to its rarity there is no specific pharmaceutical algorythm. Supportive care and treatment of symptoms are very important. The most crucial part of non-pharmacologic treatment of SJS/TEN is the detection and cessation of the pharmaceutical that caused the disease. The aim of this literature review was to summarize current knowledge about the pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of Stevens- Johnson Syndrom and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis. Standard criteria were used to review the literature data. The search of articles in the PubMed and Google Scholar database was carried out using the following keywords: Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis, cutaneous adverse drug reaction

The influence of dioxines on endometriosis development – study review

Introduction: Dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls are considered to be among the most toxic to humans due to their persistence, resistance to degradation and chemical properties. Endometriosis is characterized by the presence of endometrial cells outside the uterine cavity showing secretory activity. It is one of the most common causes of pelvic pain and decreased fertility; is formed as a result of the action of hormonal and immune mechanisms. The exact etiology is unknown and multifactorial; risk factors for endometriosis include both family conditions and various environmental factors, including exposure to chemicals. The aim of the study:  Evaluation of the impact of dioxins on endometriosis development. Materials and methods: A research was performed using Pubmed, Google Scholar and ResearchGate; we made review and meta-analysis of the most relevant studies. Results: Dioxins can contribute to cancer development, which is well documented, as well as several conditions, such as sexual dysfunctions, oxidative stress and inflammation. Doxins have similar structure to steroid hormones, so their main target are male and female gonads, thyroid gland and other organs in which steroid hormones are produced. Conclusions: Endometriosis is a multifactorial disease, whereas dioxins are strong poisons that have an adverse effect on live organisms. Many epidemiological studies suggest that dioxins may significantly contribute to the development of endometriosis

Non-pharmacological Therapy in Fibromyalgia

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a syndrome manifested by chronic, generalized muscle and joint pain and symptoms such as sleep problems, mental disorders, mainly depression, which significantly reduces the patients' quality of life.The etiology, pathogenesis, and pathomechanism of symptoms in FM are still not fully understood, which makes the therapeutic options unsatisfactory. Treatment is mainly based on relieving the symptoms of the disease and is based on both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments. It seems that the best results are achieved by a combination of cooperation between a rheumatologist, psychiatrist, psychologist and phosiotherapist. The aim of the study is to present the current state of knowledge about the possibilities of non-pharmacological treatment in people with fibromyalgia Standard criteria were used to review the literature data. The search of articles in the PubMed and Google Scholar database was carried out using the following keywords: fibromyalgia, chronic pain, non-pharmacological therapy in fibromyalgi

Tourette syndrom - a review of current literature

Introduction Tourette syndrome is a disorder characterized by tics. It usually begins in childhood and often remains in adulthood. Tiki is best described as body movements performed automatically excluding the patient's will. It affects boys more often than girls and is associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. The etiology of Tourette syndrome has not yet been fully clarified. The aim of the study Review the latest literature on Tourette syndrome. Material and methods The research was conducted using Articles by PubMed and Google Scholar on Tourette syndrome. Description of the state of knowledge Tourette syndrome is a movement disorder most commonly found in schoolchildren. The occurrence peaks in the pre-puberty period, and half of the cases disappear in early adulthood and, while the severity of occurrence is higher than commonly assumed.  It is often associated with mentally concomitant diseases, mainly attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Given the diverse presentation, Tourette's syndrome can mimic many hyperkinetic disorders, making it difficult or delaying correct diagnosis.  Treatment can be behavioral, pharmacological or surgical and is dependent on the symptoms causing the greatest dysfunction. Summary       Tourette syndrome can cause severe stress and worsen health-related quality of life. Often it is an embarrassing condition for patients. Treatment is multimodal, however, an important issue of treatment among patients is to undertake psychotherapy, so as not to perpetuate the tic reflex, as well as to cope with functioning in society