35 research outputs found

    Mekanik Hasarsız Çarpma Tekniğiyle Domatesin Sertliğine Göre Sınıflandırılması

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    Bu çalışmada, mekanik hasarsız çarpma tekniği kullanılarak domatesin sertliklerine göre sınıflandırılması incelenmiştir. Denemelerde Bandita F1 domates çeşidi kullanılmıştır. Düşük çarpma enerjili yanal çarpma aygıtı kullanılarak yapılan hasarsız çarpma ölçümlerinde, çarpma ivmesi ve temas zamanı, çarpma başlığı üzerine yerleştirilmiş ivme algılayıcıile algılanmış ve ana çarpma parametreleri (maksimum çarpma ivmesi, maksimum çarpma ivmesinde ölçülen zaman ve temas zamanı) elde edilen eğrilerden bulunmuştur. Diğer çarpma parametreleri ana parametrelerden ve elastisite teorisinden türetilmiştir. Bu hasarsız çarpma parametreleri, hasarlı referans parametresi ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Hasarlıreferans parametresi ölçümlerinde, kabuk yırtılma noktasındaki kuvvet-deformasyon oranı kullanılmış ve bu değer domates sertliği olarak ifade edilmiştir. Domateslerin sertlik gruplandırmalarında kümeleme analizi kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca, domateslerin sınıflandırma işlemlerinde, sahip oldukları sertlik gruplarındaki hatalı sınıflandırma olasılığınıminimize edecek hasarsız çarpma parametrelerinin optimum doğrusal kombinasyonlarını bulmak için, doğrusal ayırma analizi kullanılmıştır. Sınıflandırma hassasiyeti doğrusal ayırma analizi ile iyileştirilmiş ve işlenen parametre sayısı stepwise regresyon analizi ile azaltılmıştır. İstatistiksel analiz sonuçları, hasarlı referans ve hasarsız çarpma parametreleriarasındaki korelasyonun önemli olduğunu göstermiştir. Doğrusal ayırma analizi sonuçlarına göre, doğrusal sınıflandırma hassasiyeti ana çarpma parametreleri yaklaşımı için % 77.27 ve on çarpma parametre yaklaşımı için de % 81.82 olarak bulunmuştur. Ayrıca, stepwise regresyon analizi ile belirlenmiş olan en önemli üç çarpma parametresi kullanılarakyapılan doğrusal ayırma analizi sonuçları, domateslerin doğru sınıflandırma hassasiyetinin % 82.96’ya yükseltildiğini göstermiştir. Sonuç olarak, statik koşullarda test edilmiş olan mekanik hasarsız çarpma test cihazı domates için yüksek sınıflandırma hassasiyeti sonuçları vermiştir. Bu performans, mekanik hasarsız çarpma tekniğinin, domateslerin elektronik sınıflandırma hattında gerçek zamanlı sertlik sınıflandırma amaçlı kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir

    Üniversal tahil ekim makinaları proje tekniği ve standartlar bazında değerlendirilmesi

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    TEZ2578Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 1997.Kaynakça (s. 84-88) var.x, 88 s. ; renk. res. ; 30 cm.

    Fracture resistance of pine nut to compressive loading

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    A pine nut was loaded between two parallel plates to determine the rupture force, deformation, power and firmness required to initiate nut rupture. The tests were carried out at five moisture contents of 5.33, 11.87, 18.30, 23.53 and 30.09% d.b., and two orientations (vertical and horizontal). The pine nut was positioned vertically, with the major axis of the nut parallel to the direction of loading. For horizontal loading, the major axis of the nut was normal to the direction of loading, or lengthwise. Physical characteristics of the nut and kernel such as mass, dimensions, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, volume surface area and shell thickness were determined. The force required to initiate nut rupture decreased from 713.61 to 219.26 N and from 520.14 to 248.86 N for the vertical and horizontal orientations of loading with an increase in moisture content. Deformation at rupture point and the power required for cracking the nut decreased in magnitude with an increase in moisture content for loading in the vertical and horizontal orientations. Firmness values decreased with an increase in moisture content in the horizontal orientation but this decrease continued until moisture content of 23.53% d.b. in the vertical orientation of loading. Especially, at all of the moistures, there was always the tendency of kernel breakage for loading along the horizontal orientation. The results provide useful data for use by engineers in the design of a suitable pine nut cracking machine. © 2004 Silsoe Research Institute. All rights reserved. Published by Elsevier Ltd

    Dixired şeftali ceşidinin dayanım özelliklerinin belirlenmesi

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    Diğer meyveler gibi şeftalide hasat ve hasat sonrasında oluşabilecek farklı tip zedelenmelere hassas meyvelerdendir. Bu tür zedelenmeler şeftalide kalite kaybına neden olmaktadır. Bu kayıpları azaltmak için, meyvenin dayanım özelliklerinin bilinmesi gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Dixired çeşidi şeftalinin bazı dayanım özellikleri araştırılmıştır. Şeftaliler, farklı depolama süreleri için 0 ^\circ C depolama sıcaklığı ve %90 nem düzeyinde depolanmıştır. Çarpma denemeleri dört farklı çarpma enerji seviyesinde pendulum çarpma test düzeneği kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Zedelenme hacimleri çarpma sonrası zedelenmiş şeftali meyveleri üzerinden ölçülmüş ve zedelenme hassasiyeti de zedelenme hacmi ve absorbe edilen enerji arasındaki orandan hesaplanmıştır. Dayanım özellikleri (kabuk yırtılma kuvveti, elastisite modülü ve kabuk yırtılma gerilimi) biyolojik malzeme test cihazı kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Ölçümler sonucunda, hasattan hemen sonra şeftalilerin yüksek dayanım özellikleri sergilediği ve 14 günlük depolama sonrasında hızla yumuşadığı belirlenmiştir. Hasat gününde, şeftalilerin zedelenmeksizin oluklu mukavva paketlerde, üç köşeli paketleme düzeni için 13 tabaka, dikdörtgen biçimindeki paketleme düzeni için 16 tabaka ve 28 günlük depolama sonunda da sadece 4 ve 6 tabakada paketlenebileceği gözlemlenmiştir. Çarpma denemelerine göre ise, 14 günlük depolama sonrasında şeftalilerin yumuşadığı ve çarpma zedelenmesine karşı çok hassas olduğu belirlenmiştir.Peaches, like other fruits, are susceptible to different kinds of damage during and after harvest. Such damage is a major cause of quality loss in fruit. In order to reduce these losses, it is necessary to know the strength properties of fruit. Some strength properties of -Dixred- peaches are investigated in this paper. Peaches were stored at 0 ^\circ C and 90% relative humidity for specified lengths of time. Impact treatment was applied by a pendulum impactor at four energy levels. Bruise volume was measured in the bruised peaches after impact, and bruise susceptibility was calculated from the linear regression line for bruise volume vs. absorbed energy. Strength properties (bio-rupture force, apparent modulus of elasticity and rupture stress) were determined by using a biological material test device. It was found that the peaches exhibited superior strength properties immediately after harvest, and that after 14 days in storage they softened rapidly. At harvest, it was calculated that peaches could be packed in corrugated boxes up to about 13 layers deep in a triangular arrangement and 16 layers deep in a rectangular arrangement without damage, while 28 days after storage they could be packed only 4 to 6 layers deep in the boxes. According to impact treatment, the fruit softened and became very susceptible to impact damage during periods exceeding 14 days

    Some physical, mechanical and aerodynamic properties of pine (Pinus pinea) nuts

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    Selected physical, mechanical and aerodynamic properties often required for the designing of storage, hopper, handling and processing equipment were determined for pine nuts, at a moisture content of 5.48% (db). The average of each of the three principal diameters, geometric mean diameter and nut mass were 18.67, 8.97, 7.39, 10.72 mm and 0.77 g, respectively. Mean values for nut volume, sphericity, surface area and projected area were 417.87 mm3, 57.53%, 364.46 and 151.24 mm2, respectively. The true density, bulk density and porosity were 983.59, 619.85 kg/m3 and 36.96%, respectively. Cracking forces of pine nut for loading on the lateral axis, vertical axis and thickness were determined to be 429.27, 639.53 and 468.18 N, respectively. The coefficient of static friction was 0.46 on plywood, 0.43 on galvanized steel sheet and 0.35 on fibreglass. Dynamic angle of repose for the three structural materials namely plywood, galvanized steel sheet and fibreglass were found to be 26.18°, 23.52° and 15.21°, respectively. The terminal velocity for the nut, kernel and hull were 8.23, 6.98 and 3.76 m/s, respectively. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

    Firmness classification of tomato by mechanical nondestructive impact technique [Mekanik hasarsız Çarpma tekniğiyle domatesin sertliğine göre sınıflandırılması]

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    In this study, firmness classification of tomato was aimed by using mechanical nondestructive impact technique. Bandita F1 tomato variety was used during the tests. In the nondestructive impact measurements done by lateral impactor with low impact energy, impact acceleration and contact time were sensed by an accelerometer attached on impact head, and main impact parameters (maximum impact acceleration, time required to reach maximum acceleration and contact time) were extracted from the curve. Other impact parameters were derived from the main impact parameters and theory of elasticity. These nondestructive impact parameters were compared with destructive reference parameters. Forcedeformation ratio at rupture point was used in the measurements of destructive reference parameter and this was expressed to be tomato firmness. Cluster analysis was used for firmness groups of tomatoes. Furthermore, linear discriminating analysis was used to find an optimum linear combination of the impact parameters that minimizes the probability of misclassifying tomatoes into their respective groups for firmness classification procedure of tomatoes. The accuracy of classification was improved with linear discriminating analysis, and the number of parameters being processed was reduced with stepwise regression analysis. Statistical analysis showed that the correlations between destructive reference and nondestructive impact parameters were significant. According to the results of linear discriminating analysis, accuracy of the best classification for main impact parameter approach and all ten impact parameters approach was found to be 77.27% and 81.82%, respectively. Furthermore, linear discriminating analysis results for three most important impact parameters obtained with stepwise regression analysis showed that accuracy of the best classification of tomatoes was improved to 82.96%. As a result, mechanical nondestructive test device tested in static conditions gave high accuracy of classification for tomato. This performance shows that mechanical nondestructive impact technique could be used for real-time firmness classification of tomatoes in the electronic sorting line. © Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi

    Modeling of color values for nondestructive prediction of tomato firmness [Domates sertliginin hasarsiz tahmini için renk degerlerinin modellenmesi]

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    In the present research, the potential of a nondestructive method for predicting tomato skin rupture force and skin firmness using color values taken by handheld colorimeter was explored. Bandita F1 variety greenhouse tomatoes were used in the test. L, a and b color values of 238 tomatoes harvested at six different maturity stages were measured by Minolta CR-400 model colorimeter. Skin rupture force and skin firmness of tomatoes were measured as firmness parameters and correlated with color values. Tomato firmness parameters and L, a and b values were fitted in different forms of models using multiple linear regression (MLR). The model using MLR on variables a, b and the product ab was selected. Average firmness values of 238 tomato samples were primarily separated to two groups. 70% and 30% of color and firmness values were used for calibration and validation data set, respectively. Calibration and validation of chosen model equation were tested by using tomato samples of 167 and 71 data set, respectively. Relationship between measured and predicted tomato skin rupture force in the case of using a, b and ab color values was found high. Furthermore, coefficient of determinations for calibration and validation data set were found to be 0.88 and 0.89, respectively. This performance shows that nondestructive color measurement by handheld colorimeter could be used for real-time firmness prediction of tomatoes. © 2017 Namik Kemal University - Agricultural Faculty. All rights reserved

    Mechanical behaviour of apricot pit under compression loading

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    The mechanical properties of apricot pit were determined in terms of average rupture force, deformation and toughness (energy absorbed by the pit per unit volume). Samples at various moisture contents were compressed along the X-, Y-, and Z-axes. The X-axis is the loading axis through the length dimension, while the Y-axis is the transverse axis containing the minor dimension (width) at right angles to the X-axis, and Z-axis is the transverse axis containing the minimum dimension (thickness). Physical characteristics of apricot pit and its kernel such as mass, dimensions and geometric mean diameter were determined. The experiments have shown that rupture force, deformation and toughness generally decreased in magnitude with an increase in moisture content from 6.38% to 39.33% db. The highest rupture force, deformation and toughness in all moisture content levels were obtained for apricot pit loaded along the X-axis. Compression along the Y-axis required less compressive force to extract the kernel as compared to other two compression axes. In this study, it was observed that there was no kernel breakage for loading along the X- and Y-axes. Especially, at higher moistures, there was always the tendency of the kernel breakage for loading along the Z-axis. The results provide useful data to be used by engineers in the design of suitable apricot pit cracking machine. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

    Golden delicious elma çeşidinde titreşim parametreleri ve paketleme yönteminin mekanik zedelenme üzerindeki etkilerinin belirlenmesi

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    Bu araştırma, elma taşımacılığı sırasında oluşan mekanik zedelenme üzerine titreşim frekansı, titreşim ivmesi, paketleme yöntemi ve titreşim süresi etkilerini araştırmak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırma üç aşamada gerçekleştirilmiştir, ilk aşamada, yol koşullarında araç kasası üzerinde titreşim frekansı ve titreşim ivmesi ölçümleri yapılmış ve dağılım yüzdeleri belirlenmiştir. İkinci aşamada, araştırmada kullanılan üç farklı paketleme yöntemi için, paket iletkenlik oranlan ve titreşim frekansı hassasiyet sınırları ölçülmüştür. Araştırmanın üçüncü aşamasında ise, elma taşımacılığı sırasında oluşan mekanik zedelenme üzerine etkili bazı faktörleri belirlemek için laboratuar koşullarında yol taşımacılığını simüle eden titreşim test düzeneği kullanılmıştır. Titreşim kuvvetlerinin etkisine bağlı olarak elma- yüzeyinde oluşan zedelenmeler; zedelenme dağılımı (toplam zedelenme indeksi) şeklinde tanımlanmıştır. Yol koşullarına ilişkin araç kasası üzerinde yapılan ölçüm sonuçlarına göre, titreşim frekansı değerleri sırasıyla 8.19 Hz ve 12.59 Hz ortalama ile 5-10 Hz ve 10-15 Hz aralığında gerçekleşmiştir. Ayrıca titreşim ivmesi değerleri de, sırasıyla 0.33 g ve 0.63 g ortalama ile 0.25-0.50 g ve 0.50-0.7,5 g aralığında gerçekleştiği belirlenmiştir. Paket iletkenlik oranı en yüksek paketleme yönteminin hacimsel paketleme yöntemi olduğu'belirlenmiş ve tüm paketleme yöntemleri için 8-9 Hz titreşim frekansı aralığında paket iletkenlik oranlan yüksek çıkmıştır. Kontrollü değişken parametreleri olarak dikkate alınan titreşim frekansı, titreşim ivmesi, paketleme .yöntemi ve titreşim süresi toplam zedelenme indeksi üzerinde %1 önem düzeyinde etkili olmuştur. Düzenli paketleme yönteminde elmaların daha düşük oranda zedelendiği ve yol taşımacılığına en uygun paketleme yönteminin düzenli paketleme yöntemi olduğu belirlenmiştir.This research was conducted to evaluate the effects of vibration frequency, vibration acceleration, packaging method, and vibration duration on the mechanical damage during apple transportation. The research was performed in 3 stages. Firstly, vibration frequency and vibration acceleration were measured on the truck-bed for determining the vibration frequency and acceleration distribution. Secondly,' packaging transmi'ssibility and vibration frequency sensitivity for all the packaging methods used in this research were measured. Thirdly, a laboratory vibrator, which simulates the road transportation under laboratory conditions, was used to obtain some factors influencing the mechanical damage during apple transportation. According to the results measured on the truck-bed, vibration frequency values were 8.19 Hz and 12.59 Hz for 5-10 Hz and 10-15 Hz frequency intervals, respectively. Furthermore, vibration acceleration values were 0.33 g and 0.63 g for 0.25-0.50 g and 0.50-0.75 g intervals, respectively. The highest packaging transmissibility was obtained for the volume packaging method, and packaging transmissibility was at similar high levels at the vibration frequency interval of 8-9 Hz for all packaging methods. Vibration frequency, vibration acceleration, packaging method, and vibration duration, which were taken into consideration as controlled variable parameters, significantly affected the equivalent severe bruise index at the 1 % level of significance. Apples in the pattern packaging method had by far the lowest bruising, and the most suitable method for transit was pattern packaging
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