Otpornost soje prema patogenima

This paper presents an overview of the research on soybean resistance to pathogens. The review included most harmful agents of soybean diseases in Serbia, as well as those that are potentially harmful. Development and cultivation of resistant cultivars is the most efficient, economical and environmentally acceptable control measure for plant disease. It points to the variability in pathogenicity (physiological races) of parasites, especially expressed in Phytophthora sojae, Peronospora manshurica and Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea, which requires continuous breeding for resistance. Resistant, partially resistant and moderately susceptible genotypes, which are used as donors of resistance genes to different pathogens, are listed in this paper. Also, avirulent genes in the parasite and resistance genes in soybean are indicated. Gene mapping significantly contributes to better understanding of the mode of inheritance and consequently, more efficient breeding for disease resistance. Significant improvement is expected by using molecular techniques, especially in dealing with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea and Phomopsis longicolla. For these parasites only partial resistance has been reported but not complete resistance.Na osnovu višegodišnjih istraživanja utvrđeno je da su najštetniji i najrasprostranjeniji paraziti soje u Srbiji Peronospora manshurica (prouzrokovač plamenjače), Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea (bakteriozna pegavost), Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (bela trulež), Diaporthe phaseolorum var. caulivora (rak stabla), Macrophomina phaseolina (ugljenasta trulež) i Phomopsis spp. (trulež semena). Postoji realna opasnost da se na soji u našoj zemlji pojave i dva veoma destruktivna parazita; Phytophthora sojae, prouzrokovač fitoftorozne truleži i Diaporthe phaseolorum var. meridionalis prouzrokovač 'južnog' raka stabla. Unošenje otpornosti prema najznačajnijim parazitima u nove sorte soje je jedan od prioritetnih zadataka svih oplemenjivačkih programa. Najpre je potrebno iznaći odgovarajući izvor otpornosti, zatim obaviti povratna ukrštanja i u kasnijim generacijama identifikovati otporne genotipove. Uspeh u radu na stvaranju otpornih sorti soje uslovljen je postojanjem dobrih izvora rezistentnosti, kao i poznavanjem prirode otpornosti i načina nasleđivanja. Rezistentnost prema P. manshurica evidentirana je u više genotipova soje, a najčešće je uslovljena jednim dominantnim genom (Rpm). Ova otpornost je potpuna, ali nije trajna, jer se postepeno gubi usled pojave novih fizioloških rasa. Rasa br. 4 P. syringae pv. glycinea je dominantna na soji u svetu i kod nas. Ne postoje potpuno otporni genotipovi prema ovoj rasi, ali su prisutne značajne razlike u stepenu osetljivosti. Parcijalna otpornost kontrolisana je od strane jednog ili nekoliko Rpg gena. Mehanizmi izbegavanja oboljenja i parcijalna fiziološka rezistentnost uslovljavljaju razlike u reakciji sorti soje prema S. sclerotiorum. Mapirana su dva lokusa koji kontrolišu mehanizme izbegavanja bolesti i jedan lokus, najverovatnije odgovoran za parcijalnu fiziološku rezistentnost. Parcijalna rezistentnost utvrđena je kod nekoliko introdukovanih (PI) genotipova soje. U našim agroekološkim uslovima ranostasni genotipovi izbegavaju napad ovog oboljenja. Nije evidentirana potpuna otpornost prema D. phaseolorum var. caulivora, prouzrokovaču 'severnog' tipa raka stabla. Prouzrokovač 'južnog' tipa raka stabla D. phaseolorum var. meridionalis nije prisutan na soji u Srbiji. Otpornost prema ovoj gljivi nađena je u nekoliko genotipova soje, a uslovljavaju je dva (delimična otpornost), odnosno, četiri (potpuna) major gena. Pripadnici roda Diaporthe/Phomopsis su najštetniji paraziti semena soje, a vrsta P. longicolla je najzastupljenija. Zadovoljavajući nivo rezistentnosti prema ovom parazitu semena poseduje nekoliko genotipova soje. Priroda otpornosti nije u potpunosti razjašnjena, a novija istraživanja ukazuju da se radi o kvantitativnom svojstvu. Brojna istraživanja posvećena su proučavanju Phytophthora sojae (fitoftorozna trulež), veoma štetnog parazita soje. Opisano je više od 70 fizioloških rasa, identifikovani su avirulentni geni (Avr) u pojedinim rasama i pronađeni su geni rezistentnosti (Rps) u sortama soje. Tako je omogućeno uspešno oplemenjivanje soje na otpornost prema ovom parazitu

Patogenost Fusarum vrsta na soji

The paper describes the symptoms of the Fusarium wilt and necrosis of root and lower stem of soybean, which include leaf chlorosis, wilt of the apical portion of the plant, necrosis of the root and lower stem, and wilting of the whole plant. The pods are often poorly developed. The seeds may be smaller and lighter in the weight and infected, as well. Isolated from diseased soybean plants were the species Fusarium avenaceum, F. equiseti, F. oxysporum and F. poae. Pathogenicity tests under artificial infection conditions showed F. oxysporum (isolate S/1) to be the most pathogenic among of the four investigated species. The other species proved much less pathogenic.Fuzariozna uvelost, nekroza korena i prizemnog dela stabla soje pojedinih godina se javlja i u našoj zemlji u većoj ili manjoj meri. Ovo oboljenje se intenzivnije javlja u godinama sa toplim i suvim letima, pogodnim za razvoj uvelosti soje, prouzrokovane vrstama iz roda Fusarium. Iz uzoraka obolelih biljaka sa simptomima oboljenja su izolovane i determinisane vrste Fusarium avenaceum, F. equiseti, F. oxysporum i F. poae. U ogledima sa veštačkom inokulacijom soje najveću patogenost ispoljavao je izolat S/1 F. oxysporum. F. oxysporum (S/1) je značajno smanjio klijavost i nicanje biljaka soje, a povećao broj trulih zrna. Ostale vrste ispoljile su znatno slabiju patogenost. Problemu fuzariozne uvelosti, nekroze korena i prizemnog dela stabla soje trebalo bi posvetiti veću pažnju zbog mogućnosti uvećanja značaja ovog oboljenja usled sve češće pojave toplih i suvih leta, povoljnih za razvoj bolesti

Subunit composition of seed storage proteins in high-protein soybean genotypes

The objective of this work was to quantify the accumulation of the major seed storage protein subunits, beta-conglycinin and glycinin, and how they influence yield and protein and oil contents in high-protein soybean genotypes. The relative accumulation of subunits was calculated by scanning SDS-PAGE gels using densitometry. The protein content of the tested genotypes was higher than control cultivar in the same maturity group. Several genotypes with improved protein content and with unchanged yield or oil content were developed as a result of new breeding initiatives. This research confirmed that high-protein cultivars accumulate higher amounts of glycinin and beta-conglycinin. Genotypes KO5427, KO5428, and KO5429, which accumulated lower quantities of all subunits of glycinin and beta-conglycinin, were the only exceptions. Attention should be given to genotypes KO5314 and KO5317, which accumulated significantly higher amounts of both subunits of glycinin, and to genotypes KO5425, KO5319, KO539 and KO536, which accumulated significantly higher amounts of beta-conglycinin subunits. These findings suggest that some of the tested genotypes could be beneficial in different breeding programs aimed at the production of agronomically viable plants, yielding high-protein seed with specific composition of storage proteins for specific food applications

New trends in plant breeding - example of soybean

Soybean breeding and selection is a continual process designed to increase yield levels and improve resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Soybean breeders have been successful in producing a large number of varieties using conventional breeding methods, the Single Seed Descent method in particular. In recent decades, with the increased use of genetic transformations, backcrossing is more frequent though the only trait that has been commercialized is glyphosate tolerance. Physiological breeding poses a particular challenge, as well as phenotyping and development of useful criteria and techniques suitable for plant breeding. Using modern remote sensing techniques provides great opportunity for collecting a large amount of physiological data in real environment, which is necessary for physiological breeding. Molecular based plant breeding methods and techniques are a conceptual part of any serious breeding program. Among those methods, the most extensively used is marker-assisted selection, as a supplement to conventional breeding methods

Antinutritivni činioci nekih zrnenih mahunarki

Grain legumes, such as soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), pea (Pisum sativum L.), faba bean (Vicia faba L.), lupins (Lupinus spp.), common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) and grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.), represent one of the most quality and least expensive solutions for a long-term demand for plant protein in animal husbandry. One of the limitations to an increased use of grain legumes as feed is the presence of diverse compounds in their grain, commonly referred to as anti-nutritional factors, that both decrease nutritive value of grain legumes and, if taken in larger amounts, cause health problems that may be fatal for both human and the animals. By this reason, breeding programmes of all grain legumes is aimed at decreasing the content of anti-nutritional factors to a safe extent. Breeding of soybean cultivars for reduced amount of antinutritive factors resulted in the development of Kunitz-free soybean cultivars, which are suitable for thermal processing at lower temperatures and during a shorter period of time. This is the way of saving energy and preserving valuable nutritional composition of soybean grain. As for other species, the most significant progress has been made in protein pea, where all modern cultivars have either low or very low content of various antinutritional factors. Among the improvements are also 'zero-tannin' cultivars in faba bean, with a wide utilization in both animal feeding and bread industry, lowtoxin common vetch cultivars, 'sweet' cultivars in lupins and low-ODAP cultivars in grass pea.Zrnene mahunarke, poput soje (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), graška (Pisum sativum L.), boba (Vicia faba L.), lupina (Lupinus spp.), obične grahorice (Vicia sativa L.) i sastrice (Lathyrus sativus L.) predstavljaju jedno od najkvalitetnijih i najjevtinijih rešenja za dugoročni nedostatak biljnih proteina u stočarstvu. Jedno od ograničenja povećanju korišćenja zrnenih mahunarki u ishrani domaćih životinja jeste prisustvo različitih sastojaka u zrnu, tzv. antinutritivnih činilaca, koji umanjuju njihovu hranljivu vrednost i, u slučaju da se unesu u većoj količini, mogu da dovedu do teških posledica po ljude i životinje. Iz tog razloga, oplemenjivanje svih zrnenih mahunarki usmereno je i ka snižavanju sadržaja antinutritivnih činilaca na bezopasan nivo. Oplemenjivanje soje na smanjeni sadržaj antinutritivnih činilaca dovelo je do stvaranja Kunitz-free sorti soje, pogodnih za termičku obradu na nižim temperaturama i kraćeg trajanja, što je način uštede energije i očuvanja vrednih hranljivih sastojaka sojinog zrna. Što se tiče drugih zrnenih mahunarki, najveći napredak ostvaren je kod proteinskog graška, kod kojeg sve savremene sorte imaju nizak ili vrlo nizak sadržaj antinutritivnih činilaca. Među dostignućima su i zero-tannin sorte boba, sa širokom upotrebom u stočarstvu i industriji hleba, sorte obične grahorice sa niskim sadržajem toksina, tzv. slatke sorte lupina i sorte sastrice sa niskim sadržajem ODAP

Uvođenje novih gajenih mahunarki u Srbiji - bela lupina (Lupinus albus)

The renewed interest in introducing white lupin in Serbia is its high crude protein content in grain dry matter of nearly 400 g kg-1, which makes it a potential supplement for soybean meal in animal feeding. The only collection of white and other lupins in Serbia is maintained at Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad, with about 200 accessions of 10 species, containing about 70 accessions of white lupin. The accessions with high tolerance to alkaline soil reaction of about pH=8 in a carbonated chernozem in Novi Sad regularly formed two orders of pods and grains and produced grain yields of more than 5 t ha-1, 45 t ha-1 of green forage and 8 t ha-1 of forage dry matter. The first Serbian white lupin breeding programme carried out at Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad has resulted in developing cultivars Vesna and Panorama, registered in 2008.Razlog za obnovu zanimanja za uvođenjem bele lupine u Srbiju jeste visok sadržaj sirovih proteina u suvoj materiji zrna od skoro 400 g kg-1, čineći je mogućim dodatkom sojinom brašnu u ishrani domaćih životinja. Jedina zbirka bele i ostalih lupina u Srbiji održava se u Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Novom Sadu, sa oko 200 akcesija 10 vrsta, od čega je 70 akcesija bele lupine. Akcesije sa velikom tolerantnošću na alkalnu reakciju zemljišnog rastvora, poput one od oko 8 na černozemu u Novom Sadu, uobičajeno obrazuju dva reda mahuna i zrna, te ostvaruju prinose od više od 5 t ha-1 zrna, 45 t ha-1 zelene krme i 8 t ha-1 suve materije krme. Prvi srpski program oplemenjivanja bele lupine, koji se odvija u Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Novom Sadu, iznedrio je sorte Vesna i Panorama priznate 2008

Stabilnost hemijskog sastava semena soje

Stability of protein and oil content of 13 soybean varieties were examined using linear model across seven locations and during six years. Due to heterogeneity of environments all year/locations was distributed in to two groups, based on achieved yield. Stability of protein content differed in the low and high yielding environments, while average values show only minor differences. In contrast, oil content stability was slightly changed in the low and high yielding environments, while the average oil content were significantly higher in the low yielding environments. Environmental factors influenced the correlation between oil and protein content in soybeans. Negative correlation between protein and oil content was observed only in the high yielding environments, while varieties in low yielding environments lack this well known inverse relation.Ispitivanja stabilnosti hemijskog sastava zrna soje sprovedena su na 13 genotipova soje, šest lokaliteta, tokom šest godina, korišćenjem linearnog modela. Usled heterogenosti uslova uspevanja, svi lokaliteti/godine podeljeni su u dve grupe, u zavisnosti od prinosa. Stabilnost sadržaja proteina u semenu razlikovala se u zavisnosti od visine prinosa, dok kod prosečnih vrednosti nisu zabeležene veće razlike. Nasuprot tome, stabilnost sadržaja ulja u semenu nije se značajnije razlikovala u zavisnosti od prinosa, dok je prosečan sadržaj ulja bio veći na lokalitetima/godinama kada su zabeleženi niži prinosi soje. Uslovi spoljašnje sredine utiču na korelaciju između sadržaja ulja i proteina. Negativna korelacija između sadržaja ulja i proteina uočena je samo pri visokim prinosima, dok pri niskim prinosima ova negativna veza nije dobijena

Seed viability of oil crops depending on storage conditions

Changes occurring in seed during aging are significant as far as seed quality and longevity are concerned and are a consequence of the effects of different storage conditions. The chemical composition of seed with high oil content is related to specific processes occurring in seed during storage. In this trial, sunflower and soybean genotypes developed in Novi Sad were submitted to accelerated aging for three and five days, and natural aging for six and twelve months, under controlled and conventional (non-controlled) conditions. The obtained results showed that preservation of seed viability depended on storage condition and duration, as well as plant species. Accelerated aging test can be used to predict the length of storage life of sunflower and soybean seed. In comparison to sunflower seed, soybean seed is more sensitive to damage and reduced germination during storage

Dužina peteljki sirka metlaša pri različitom sklopu biljaka

Bromcorn fiber length is determined by measuring the distance between the point at which the fibers start to branch out and the tip of at least two thirds of all the fibers present in a given panicle. This is a very important morphological trait, as it determines the success of the panicle harvest. A two-year investigation was carried out in order to determine the influence of different stand densities on fiber length levels in two broomcorn genotypes. Two row-to-row spacing (50 and 70 cm) and six plant-to- plant ones (5, 9, 13, 17, 21, and 25 cm) were studied. Fiber length was the smallest (42.6 and 45.2 cm) with the highest stand densities, and it increased with increasing plant growing space (63.7 cm and 71.0 cm). .Dužina peteljki sirkovih metlica predstavlja rastojanje između tačke grananja peteljki i mesta gde se nalazi vrh najmanje 2/3 od ukupnog broja peteljki. Ovo je veoma bitna morfološka osobina biljaka sirka metlaša, od koje zavisi uspešnost žetve sirkovih metlica. U cilju sagledavanja promene dužine peteljki sirkovih metlica u zavisnosti od različitog sklopa biljaka, izvršena su dvogodišnja istraživanja sa dva genotipa sirka metlaša. Ispitivana su dva međuredna razmaka od 50 i 70 cm i šest različitih razmaka biljaka u redu, (5, 9, 13, 17, 21 i 25 cm). Dužina peteljki bila je najmanja pri najgušćim sklopovima 42,59 i 45,22 cm, dok je sa povećanjem vegetacionog prostora dužina peteljki bila sve veća - 63,72 i 71,04 cm

Rezervni proteini semena visokoproteinskih genotipova soje

It is known that the main components of the seed storage proteins contribute to the quality of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] food products. The objective of this study was to investigate content of the two of them [glycinin (11S) and β-conglycinin (7S) fractions] and their respective subunits on the new high-protein soybean genotypes from the Institute for Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, Serbia. Subunits were resolved by SDS-PAGE and gels were analyzed by scanning densitometry. Out of 20 analyzed genotypes, the β' and β subunits of β- conglycinin were significantly higher in all of the genotypes except KO531 and KO5431. The β subunit of β-conglycinin was significantly higher in genotypes KO535 KO5437, KO534, KO537, KO539, KO5439, KO532, KO5435, KO538, KO5438 and KO533. The acetic polypeptides of glycinin were significantly higher in genotypes KO5439, KO5437, KO5436, KO5438, KO5432, KO5435, KO5433 and KO5434. The basic polypeptides of glycinin were not significantly higher only in genotypes KO539, KO536, KO538, KO535 and KO533. In conclusion, it appears that among the new high-protein genotypes there are genotypes with different amount of subunits that should be bread in the future for a desired level of the protein components. .Rezervni proteini soje [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] imaju veliku nutritivnu vrednost zbog čega imaju veliku primenu u prehrambenoj industriji. Procena sadržaja dva glavna rezervna proteina, glicinina (11S) i β-conglicinina (7S), i njihovih subjudinica kod visokoproteinskih genotipova soje Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, Novi Sad uradjena je denzitometrijskim skeniranjem SDS- poliakrilamidnih gelova. Od 20 analiziranih genotipova, sadržaj α' i α subjedinica b-konglicinina je bio signifikantno veći kod svih, osim kod genotipova KO531 i KO5431. Genotipovi KO535 KO5437, KO534, KO537, KO539, KO5439, KO532, KO5435, KO538, KO5438 i KO533 su imali signifikantno veći sadržaj βsubjedinice β- konglicinina. Sadržaj kiselih subjedinica glicinina je statistički značajno bio viši kod genotipova KO5439, KO5437, KO5436, KO5438, KO5432, KO5435, KO5433 i KO5434. Bazne subjedinice glicinina nisu bile signifikantno povećane samo kod genotipova KO539, KO536, KO538, KO535 i KO533. Presentovani rezultati pokazuju da visokoproteinski genotipovi imaju značajne razlike u sadržaju polipepditnih subjedinica i da bi neki od njih mogli biti značajni u programu oplemenjivanja na željeni sadržaj proteinskih komponenti rezervnih proteina semena soje