305 research outputs found
Effect of thyroid hormones on Pancreatic B cell function
Hyperthyroidism is known to impair glucose tolerance, but possible
direct effects of thyroid hormones on the insulin producing b cell of the
islets of Langerhans have not previously been reported. Experiments have been
performed to investigate the interactions between thyroid hormones and rat
pancreatic islets Hn vitro ', using a tissue culture system to maintain the
stability of the extracellular environment. The secondary effects, of hyper¬
thyroidism on pancreatic hormone secretion were thereby excluded.
Thyroxine had no effect on insulin secretion from isolated islets during
one hour incubations. However, after 24 hour tissue culture of islets in the
presence of thyroid.hormones, both insulin biosynthesis and secretion v/ere
significantly reduced in response to higher concentrations of glucose.
Theophylline fully restored insulin release to normal levels. The ultrastructure
and insulin content of islets were not altered by 24 hour exposure to thyroid
hormones, despite a significant inhibition of protein synthesis and a 20%
reduction in total islet protein. Thyroid hormones did not affect the
activity of islet adenylate cyclase. Thyroid hormones may thus contribute to the glucose intolerance observed
in hyperthyroid states, in part by a direct action on pancreatic B cell meta¬
bolism, and a consequent inhibition of insulin biosynthesis and secretion.
These effects could be a result of a thyroid hormone-induced increase of Na K -
ATPase activity, with the possible effects on intracellular cyclic AMP concen¬
trations, translocation of cations across the plasma membrane and accumulation
of cytosolic calcium.
To overcome the problem of poor islet yield from the pancreas, rats were
pretre3ted with pilocarpine, as described in the Appendix, This significantly
enhanced islet yield, but the islets were unsuitable tor metabolic studies due
to their depleted insulin content. However, long-term islet viability was not
altered, and they were used successfully for transplantation experiments
THE CURRENT VIEW ON THE USE OF RECONSTRUCTION MATERIALS IN DENTISTRY
The hardest tissue in the human body is the enamel which covers the anatomical crowns of teeth. It must be resistant to mechanical stress and the chemical attack of many substances from food, drinks and products of the metabolism of bacteria present in the oral cavity. These low pH substances dissolve the mineral components of enamel, cause tooth demineralization, and lead to decay or erosion damage with the irreversible loss of dental hard tissues and the necessity of their reconstruction. The range of dental materials intended for dental tissue reconstruction is extensive. Dental amalgam can be mechanically applied into the strongly stressed lateral segments of teeth. The use of amalgam is, however, in decline, with the possible health risks attributed to it, coupled with the need to extensively prepare tooth tissue promoting a shift towards using aesthetically and biologically favourable dental ceramic and polymeric materials instead. Current developments also concentrate on these materials to reinforce this, with polymeric composite materials based on methacrylates with varying amounts of inorganic fillers at the forefront. These materials are distinguished by their good mechanical and aesthetic properties and wear resistance. However, polymerization shrinkage and a strong hydrophobic nature does not allow for their direct bonding to hard dental tissues. Risks associated with the release of residual free monomers from the structure to the environment, which may cause health complications, mainly allergic reactions in sensitive individuals, have been monitored recently. Further development in the field of composite materials aims to reduce or completely eliminate these negatives
Field theoretical analysis of adsorption of polymer chains at surfaces: Critical exponents and Scaling
The process of adsorption on a planar repulsive, "marginal" and attractive
wall of long-flexible polymer chains with excluded volume interactions is
investigated. The performed scaling analysis is based on formal analogy between
the polymer adsorption problem and the equivalent problem of critical phenomena
in the semi-infinite n-vector model (in the limit ) with a
planar boundary. The whole set of surface critical exponents characterizing the
process of adsorption of long-flexible polymer chains at the surface is
obtained. The polymer linear dimensions parallel and perpendicular to the
surface and the corresponding partition functions as well as the behavior of
monomer density profiles and the fraction of adsorbed monomers at the surface
and in the interior are studied on the basis of renormalization group field
theoretical approach directly in d=3 dimensions up to two-loop order for the
semi-infinite n-vector model. The obtained field- theoretical
results at fixed dimensions d=3 are in good agreement with recent Monte Carlo
calculations. Besides, we have performed the scaling analysis of
center-adsorbed star polymer chains with arms of the same length and we
have obtained the set of critical exponents for such system at fixed d=3
dimensions up to two-loop order.Comment: 22 pages, 12 figures, 4 table
Morphological characteristics of motor neurons do not determine their relative susceptibility to degeneration in a mouse model of severe spinal muscular atrophy
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a leading genetic cause of infant mortality, resulting primarily from the degeneration and loss of lower motor neurons. Studies using mouse models of SMA have revealed widespread heterogeneity in the susceptibility of individual motor neurons to neurodegeneration, but the underlying reasons remain unclear. Data from related motor neuron diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), suggest that morphological properties of motor neurons may regulate susceptibility: in ALS larger motor units innervating fast-twitch muscles degenerate first. We therefore set out to determine whether intrinsic morphological characteristics of motor neurons influenced their relative vulnerability to SMA. Motor neuron vulnerability was mapped across 10 muscle groups in SMA mice. Neither the position of the muscle in the body, nor the fibre type of the muscle innervated, influenced susceptibility. Morphological properties of vulnerable and disease-resistant motor neurons were then determined from single motor units reconstructed in Thy.1-YFP-H mice. None of the parameters we investigated in healthy young adult mice - including motor unit size, motor unit arbor length, branching patterns, motor endplate size, developmental pruning and numbers of terminal Schwann cells at neuromuscular junctions - correlated with vulnerability. We conclude that morphological characteristics of motor neurons are not a major determinant of disease-susceptibility in SMA, in stark contrast to related forms of motor neuron disease such as ALS. This suggests that subtle molecular differences between motor neurons, or extrinsic factors arising from other cell types, are more likely to determine relative susceptibility in SMA
Karyotype Variability and Inter-Population Genomic Differences in Freshwater Ostracods (Crustacea) Showing Geographical Parthenogenesis
Transitions from sexual to asexual reproduction are often associated with polyploidy and increased chromosomal plasticity in asexuals. We investigated chromosomes in the freshwater ostracod species Eucypris virens (Jurine, 1820), where sexual, asexual and mixed populations can be found. Our initial karyotyping of multiple populations from Europe and North Africa, both sexual and asexual, revealed a striking variability in chromosome numbers. This would suggest that chromosomal changes are likely to be accelerated in asexuals because the constraints of meiosis are removed. Hence, we employed comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) within and among sexual and asexual populations to get insights into E. virens genome arrangements. CGH disclosed substantial genomic imbalances among the populations analyzed, and three patterns of genome arrangement between these populations: 1. Only putative ribosomal DNA (rDNA)-bearing regions were conserved in the two populations compared indicating a high sequence divergence between these populations. This pattern is comparable with our findings at the interspecies level of comparison;2. Chromosomal regions were shared by both populations to a varying extent with a distinct copy number variation in pericentromeric and presumable rDNA-bearing regions. This indicates a different rate of evolution in repetitive sequences;3. A mosaic pattern of distribution of genomic material that can be explained as non-reciprocal genetic introgression and evidence of a hybrid origin of these individuals. We show an overall increased chromosomal dynamics in E. virens that is complementary with available phylogenetic and population genetic data reporting highly differentiated diploid sexual and asexual lineages with a wide variety of genetic backgrounds
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