The effect of water temperature on cooling during high pressure water descaling

Production of hot rolled steel plates is connected with high temperatures at which steel reacts with oxygen in the atmosphere and oxide layers (scales) are formed on the surface. Scales affect the surface quality of the product and must be eliminated before the product enters any further rolling operations. The scales are usually removed by high pressure flat jet water nozzles in a process called hydraulic descaling. One side effect of this form of descaling is intense cooling of the product, which runs counter to the purpose of descaling. One way to decrease this effect is to use water at higher temperatures. Laboratory experiments were performed in order to determine the degree of influence of water temperature on the intensity of cooling. Temperature measurements were used as an input for inverse algorithm calculations and heat transfer coefficient determinations. The variables were computed as a function of time and position. The results were compared and significant decrease in the cooling intensity was observed. The findings are discussed in detail

Chimera of IL‑2 Linked to Light Chain of anti-IL‑2 mAb Mimics IL-2/anti-IL‑2 mAb Complexes Both Structurally and Functionally

IL-2/anti-IL-2 mAb immunocomplexes were described to have dramatically higher activity than free IL-2 <i>in vivo</i>. We designed protein chimera consisting of IL-2 linked to light chain of anti-IL-2 mAb S4B6 through flexible oligopeptide spacer (Gly₄Ser)₃. This protein chimera mimics the structure of IL-2/S4B6 mAb immunocomplexes but eliminates general disadvantages of immunocomplexes like possible excess of either IL-2 or anti-IL-2 mAb and their dissociation to antibody and IL-2 at low concentrations. This novel kind of protein chimera is characterized by an intramolecular interaction between IL-2 and binding site of S4B6 mAb similarly as in IL-2/S4B6 mAb immunocomplexes. Our protein chimera has biological activity comparable to IL-2/S4B6 mAb immunocomplexes <i>in vitro</i>, as shown by stimulation of proliferation of purified and activated OT-I CD8⁺ T cells. The protein chimera exerts higher stimulatory activity to drive expansion of purified CFSE-labeled OT-I CD8⁺ T cells activated by an injection of a low dose of SIINFEKL peptide than IL-2/S4B6 mAb immunocomplexes <i>in vivo</i>