A review on curcumin colon-targeted oral drug delivery systems for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease

Synthetic drugs and monoclonal antibodies are the typical treatments to combat inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, side effects are present when these treatments are used, and their continued application could be restricted by the high relapse rate of the disease. One potential alternative to these treatments is the use of plant-derived products. The use curcumin is one such treatment option that has seen an increase in usage in treating IBD. Curcumin is derived from a rhizome of turmeric (Curcuma longa), and the results of studies on the use of curcumin to treat IBD are promising. These studies suggest that curcumin interacts with cellular targets such as NF-κB, JAKs/STATs, MAPKs, TNF-α, IL-6, PPAR, and TRPV1 and may reduce the progression of IBD. Potentially, curcumin can be used as a therapeutic agent for patients with IBD when it reduces the incidence of clinical relapse. This review discusses the strategies utilized in designing and developing an oral colonic delivery dosage form of curcumin

Iranian kishk as a source of lactic acid bacteria producing exopolysaccharide

Trabajo presentado en el XIII International Scientific Agriculture Symposium AGROSYM 2022, celebrado en Sarajevo (Bosnia y Herzegovina), del 6 al 9 de octubre de 2022Exopolysaccharides are high molecular weight polymers composed of sugar subunits. Produced exopolysaccharides by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) play a significant role in improvement of organoleptic properties of fermented dairy products such as yogurt. Diversely, the probiotic function of these bacteria and the prebiotic properties of their produced biopolymers promote consumer¿s health. For this purpose, a traditional dairy product known as ¿Kishk¿ was selected. 143 strains of lactic acid bacteria were isolated from Iranian Kishk in Khorasan Province and cultured in formulated MRS mediums with different sugars such as glucose, fructose, sucrose and, lactose (40 g/L) and incubated in anaerobic conditions at 30 and 37°C for 48 hours. The microscopic features of the isolates were assessed and the production of exopolysaccharide in the culture medium was evaluated by disk and ruthenium red methods. The phenol-sulfuric and weight method were used to quantify exopolysaccharide production. Results showed pH of Kishk samples ranged from 3.60 to 4.08 and the average of total mesophilic count and LAB count of samples were 6.50 and 5.89 log CFU/g, respectively. Analysis of data exhibited 79 out of 143 lactic acid bacteria isolates were exopolysaccharide producer and 70% of them were cocci. The average of maximum and minimum production by weight method were 2.61 g/L and 0.08 g/L, respectively. The average of highest and the lowest amount of exopolysaccharide by phenol sulfuric method were measured 1.87 g/L and 0.06 g/L, respectively. This study indicates the potential of exopolysaccharide production by Iranian native species from dairy products

Evaluation of antioxidant, antibacterial and cytotoxicity activities of exopolysaccharide from Enterococcus strains isolated from traditional Iranian Kishk

In this study, the antimicrobial effect of exopolysaccharide (EPS) extracted from Enterococcus strains [E. durans K48 (MT437,248), E. faecium R114 (MT437,249) and E. faecium T52 (MT437,250)] isolated from Kishk was applied against some foodborne pathogenic bacteria using well diffusion and microdilution methods. The antioxidant activity of EPS was also evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method. The cytotoxicity effect of EPS on human Gingival Fibroblast (HGF) cell line was also assessed. The results obtained by antimicrobial test showed that the most resistant bacteria to the examined EPS was Listeria monocytogenes, and the most susceptible were Staphylococcus aureus and E. faecalis. The results showed that the DPPH inhibitory percentage of EPS (25 mg/mL) from E. durans K48, E. faecium R114, and E. faecium T52 was 53%, 58% and 64%, respectively. EPS from E. faecium T52 displayed the highest reducing power, but statistically, there was no significant difference between the reducing power of EPS T52 and EPS R114 (P ≥ 0.05). The lowest toxicity percentage of EPS k48, EPS T52, and EPS R114 on normal human cell line at a concentration of 0.2 mg/mL was 10%, 15%, and 13%, respectively, which was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The obtained results in the present study indicate that EPS from the examined LAB strains with no in vitro cytotoxicity can be a potential source of natural antioxidant and antibacterial agent to be used in food and pharmaceutical industries.This work was financially supported by a Grant (No. 47333) from Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (Research affairs), Iran

Biodiversity of exopolysaccharide-producing lactic acid bacteria from Iranian traditional Kishk and optimization of EPS yield by Enterococcus spp

The production of polysaccharides derived from lactic acid bacteria (LAB) can be a valuable alternative to current polysaccharides. In this study, eight samples of Kishk (traditional dairy product) were collected in sterile conditions and directly cultured on MRS agar medium. Following purification and examination of microscopic, macroscopic characteristics and doing biochemical tests, 143 isolates were selected, and the production of exopolysaccharide (EPS) was investigated by the ruthenium red and disc methods. The EPS production of 79 isolates was confirmed. Total carbohydrate of EPS was determined by the phenol sulfuric acid method. Finally, Enterococcus durans K48, Enterococcus faecium R114, and Enterococcus faecium T52 strains were selected as the best EPS producers. The optimization of EPS production was then performed using Central Composite Design (CCD) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) approaches. Optimization plots showed the highest EPS yield for E. durans K48, E. faecium R114, and E. faecium T52 occurred at 38.4, 37.4 and 36.7 °C and pH of 5.9, 5.6 and 5.8, respectively, cultured in a Sucrose-MRS medium. Under optimal conditions, the maximum predicted and actual production of EPSs for the examined isolates were 3.18, 3.21, 2.99 and 3.02, 3.15, 3.15, g L, respectively. As determined by Gel Permeation Chromatography, the EPSs molecular weights were in the range of 2.93 × 10 to 3.52 × 10 Da. Analysis of the component monosaccharides by HPLC showed that all three tested EPSs were heteropolysaccharides. After appropriate evaluation, the EPSs produced by native species of LAB isolated from Iranian Kishk could be of interest for industrial applications or as functional food ingredients.This work was financially supported by a grant (No. 3/47333) from the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (Research Affairs), Iran

Screening of lactic acid bacteria strains isolated from Iranian traditional dairy products for GABA production and optimization by response surface methodology

Abstract A total of 50 lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolates from Iranian traditional dairy products (Motal and Lighvan cheeses, and artisanal yogurt) were screened for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) production. Firstly, a rapid colorimetric test was performed to evaluate the glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) activity among the LAB isolates examined. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was then performed on selected strains to identify isolates with high/moderate GABA producing capacity, and a GABase micro-titer plate assay was employed to quantify GABA. Finally, two Lactococcus (Lac.) lactis strains were selected for GABA production optimization via Response Surface Methodology (RSM) following Central Composite Design (CCD). Forty-one out of the 50 isolates showed GAD activity according to the colorimetric assay. Eight isolates displayed strong GAD activity, while nine showed no activity; low to moderate GAD activity was scored for all other isolates. GABA production was confirmed by TLC in all isolates with high GAD activity and in four selected among isoaltes with moderate activity. Among the Lactococcus strains tested, Lac. lactis 311 and Lac. lactis 491 were the strongest GABA producers with amounts of 3.3 and 1.26 mM, respectively. These two strains were subjected to GABA production optimization applying RSM and CCD on three key variables: Monosodium glutamate concentration (MSG) (between 25 and 150 mM), incubation temperature (between 25 and 37 °C), and pH (between 4.0 and 5.0). Optimal conditions for GABA production by Lac. lactis 311 and Lac. lactis 491 of temperature, pH and MSG concentration were, respectively, 35.4 and 30 °C, pH 4.5 and 4.6, and MSG concentration of 89 and 147.4 mM, respectively. Under the above conditions, the amount of GABA produced by Lac. lactis 311 and Lac. lactis 491 was 0.395 and 0.179 mg/mL, respectively. These strains and the optimal culture conditions determined in this study could be used for the biotechnological production of GABA or applied in food fermentations for the development of naturally GABA-enriched foods