NPD in small manufacturing enterprises in Serbia

New product development in small manufacturing enterprises on the territory of Serbia was investigated on a representative sample of micro and small enterprises covering a broad range of businesses. It was found that market pull was the prevalent strategy for new product development, which was characterized by close collaboration with customers from the idea to the final product including the R&D activities. Besides customers, the main sources of ideas were competitors and trade fairs or exhibitions. The marketing activities associated with new product introduction were quite limited. These findings were compared with new product development practices in neighboring countries. Based on our findings we propose two measures to improve new product development in small manufacturing enterprises in Serbia: establish a closer cooperation with external knowledge centers (universities, research institutes, innovation centers) and set up innovation networks with complementary partners by actively using the open innovation concept.This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Vorkapić, Miloš, Filip Radovanović, Dragan Ćoćkalo, and Dejan Đorđević. 2017. “NPD u malim proizvodnim poduzećima u Srbiji.” Tehnički vjesnik 24 (1): 327-332. [http://dx.doi.org/10.17559/TV-20150807185156

The usage of 3D printing in the analysis of the product design: Case: Electronic enclosure of compact pressure transmitter

Aditivna proizvodnja uključuje izradu proizvoda složene geometrije u relativno malim količinama, kao i izradu alata i kalupa za masovnu proizvodnju. Aditivnom proizvodnjom realizuju se modeli prema digitalnom prikazu, a primena je ogromna u različitim industrijskim sektorima. U poređenju sa tradicionalnom proizvodnjom, glavni parametri u odabiru aditivne tehnologije su: ušteda energije, smanjenje otpada, smanjenje upotrebe većeg broja alata, kao i optimizacija dizajna. Aditivna proizvodnja ili tehnologija 3D štampe rade na principu dodavanja materijala u slojevima, tj. model se formira od slojeva rastopljenog materijala koji se odmah hladi i očvršćava. 3D štampa omogućava čestu i jednostavnu modifikaciju modela na zahtev kupca, a pre ulaska modela u samu proizvodnju. Ovo čini komunikaciju na relaciji proizvođač-kupac dosta jednostavnom. Polazni materijal za izradu modela je polilaktična kiselina (PLA). To je ekološki termoplastični poliester koji se prirodno razgrađuje u prirodi. Na mehaničke karakteristike realizovanog modela od PLA značajno utiču različite tehnološke promenljive kao što su: prečnik brizgaljke, debljina definisanog sloja, procentualna vrednost ispune, veličina uzorka koji se puni, brzina punjenja i temperatura proizvodnje. Cilj ovog rada je da se prikaže postupak realizacije kutije elektronike za malogabaritni transmiter pritiska na 3D štampaču. Time se projektantu daje mogućnost da ispravi postojeće greške, modifikuje proizvod prema zahtevima krajnjih korisnika i na kraju daje polazna osnova za realizaciju prototipa novog proizvoda.Additive manufacturing involves manufacturing of products with complex geometry in relatively small quantities, as well as the tools and molds manufacturing for mass production. With additive manufacturing, digital models are being realized and implementation is huge in various industrial sectors. Compared to traditional manufacturing, the main parameters in the choice of additive technology are: energy savings, waste reduction, reduced use of more tools and optimization of design. Additive manufacturing or 3D printing technology works on the principle of adding material in layers, i.e. the model is formed from layers of molten material that is immediately cooled and solidified. 3D printing allows to work with customers to solve design problems before embarking on a launch production. The starting material for the model is polyactic acid (PLA). It is an eco-friendly thermoplastic polyester, that breaks down naturally. The mechanical characteristics of the realized PLA model are significantly influenced by various technological variables, such as following: nozzle diameter, thickness of defined layer, percentage of fill, sample size to be filled, filling rate and production temperature. The aim of this paper is to present the process of realization of an electronics enclosure for a compact pressure transmitter on a 3D printer. This gives the designer the possibility to correct existing errors, modify the product according to the wishes of the end users and finally provides a starting point for the prototype of new product

Wettability of electrodeposited copper films and correlation with morphology and surface chemistry

In this study, different forms of copper films were electrodeposited (ED) on silicon wafer, copper and brass foils. The effect of monocrystalline Si(111) surface cleaning method and electrodeposition conditions and regimes (frequency in the pulsating current (PC) regime, an addition of additives in electrolyte for the constant galvanostatic (DC) regime, and thickness) on surface morphology and wettability of copper films was investigated. Optical microscopy equipped with highresolution camera, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and an atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used for thin film characterization and to evaluate wettability of copper films. The sessile drop method was used for the measurement of water contact angle. According to the obtained results, choice of electrolyte used in ED greatly affects wettability of copper films. It was also shown that copper films electrodeposited from basic sulfate electrolyte with varying current regimes frequencies, thicknesses, and cathode types have opposite trends between roughness parameter values and the water contact angle value. Structural-morphological changes of a film or bulk solid surface are key parameters in determining wettability properties and the analysis of the wetting angle oscillations, but not the only one

The usage of 3D printing in the analysis of the product design: Case – Electronic enclosure of compact pressure transmitter

Aditivna proizvodnja uključuje izradu proizvoda složene geometrije u relativno malim količinama, kao i izradu alata i kalupa za masovnu proizvodnju. Aditivnom proizovnjom realizuju se modeli prema digitalnom prikazu, a primena je ogromna u različitim industrijskim sektorima. U poređenju sa tradicionalnom proizvodnjom, glavni parametri u odabiru aditivne tehnologije su: ušteda energije, smanjenje otpada, smanjenje upotrebe većeg broja alata, kao i optimizacija dizajna. Aditivna proizvodnja ili tehnologija 3D štampe rade na principu dodavanja materijala u slojevima, tj. model se formira od slojeva rastopljenog materijala koji se odmah hladi i očvršćava. 3D štampa omogućava čestu i jednostavnu modifikaciju modela na zahtev kupca, a pre ulaska modela u samu proizvodnju. Ovo čini komunikaciju na relaciji proizvođač-kupac dosta jednostavnom. Polazni materijal za izradu modela je polilaktična kiselina (PLA). To je ekološki termoplastični poliester koji se prirodno razgrađuje u prirodi. Na mehaničke karakteristike realizovanog modela od PLA značajno utiču različite tehnološke promenljive kao što su: prečnik brizgaljke, debljina definisanog sloja, procentualna vrednost ispune, veličina uzorka koji se puni, brzina punjenja i temperatura proizvodnje. Cilj ovog rada je da se prikaže postupak realizacije kutije elektronike za malogabaritni transmiter pritiska na 3D štampaču. Time se projektantu daje mogućnost da ispravi postojeće greške, modifikuje proizvod prema zahterima krajnjih korisnika i na kraju daje polazna osnova za realizaciju prototipa novog proizvoda.Additive manufacturing involves manufacturing of products with complex geometry in relatively small quantities, as well as the tools and molds manufacturing for mass production. With additive manufacturing, digital models are being realized and implementation is huge in various industrial sectors. Compared to traditional manufacturing, the main parameters in the choice of additive technology are: energy savings, waste reduction, reduced use of more tools and optimization of design. Additive manufacturing or 3D printing technology works on the principle of adding material in layers, i.e. the model is formed from layers of molten material that is immediately cooled and solidified. 3D printing allows to work with customers to solve design problems before embarking on a launch production. The starting material for the model is polyactic acid (PLA). It is an eco-friendly thermoplastic polyester, that breaks down naturally. The mechanical characteristics of the realized PLA model are significantly influenced by various technological variables, such as following: nozzle diameter, thickness of defined layer, percentage of fill, sample size to be filled, filling rate and production temperature. The aim of this paper is to present the process of realization of an electronics enclosure for a compact pressure transmitter on a 3D printer. This gives the designer the possibility to correct existing errors, modify the product according to the wishes of the end users and finally provides a starting point for the prototype of new product

Synthesis and characterization of thin copper coatings obtained by sonoelectrodeposition method

Influence of an intensity of ultrasonic mixing of electrolyte in a temperature range of 27–37 °C and ultrasonic power intensity in the range of 3.77–18.84 W/cm2 (10–50 %) on a synthesis of fine-grained copper deposits was examined. Copper coatings were electrodeposited on a brass substrate in direct current (DC) regime with an applied current density of 50 mA·cm-2. The laboratory-made copper sulfate electrolyte was used without or with addition of additives. The variation of temperature under sonoelectrodeposition process and variation mixing intensity of electrolyte were ensured by using an ultrasonic probe. The produced Cu coatings were examined by optical microscope (OM) in order to observe the microstructural modification with variation ultrasonic parameters and for measuring imprints of Vickers indenter. The micro hardness properties of composite systems were characterized using Vickers micro indentation test. The composite hardness models Chicot-Lesage and Chen-Gao were used for the determination the coatings hardness and adhesion evaluation. Application of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) technique also confirmed the strong influence of ultrasonic mixing conditions of electrolyte onto change of the microstructure of copper deposits and surface roughness of the coatings. The maximum hardness, good adhesion properties and minimum micro surface roughness was obtained for the fine-grained Cu coating produced with amplitude of 50 % ultrasonic mixing of electrolyte without additives and 30 % for electrolyte with additives

The importance of modular product design in the sustainable development of enterprises

In this paper is shown importance of modular architecture in the sustainable development of enterprises. The application of modular design enables the development of the production program based on the results of its own development. At the illustrated example, the production of transmitters it was concluded that modular architecture enables the production of independent entities, provides the realization of products in inaccessible places, enables to precisely defined technical documentation of modules, enabling easy maintenance, repair and improvement. This paper describes an algorithm for material reuse which indicates the importance of the customer in a closed material flow. In this connection, PLC includes protection of the environment as a strategic decision in the sustainable development of enterprises

Technological conditions of flight instrument development

The development of aviation has set technological requirements that have conditioned the emergence and development of flight instrumentalization. The practical application of aviation for military and civilian purposes, the development of air traffic and technology in general, increase speeds, altitudes and flight lengths, while aircraft are becoming larger and more complex. From light wooden constructions and open cockpit, today planes fly long distances in all weather conditions, which brought the pilot and the construction of the aircraft to the endurance limit. At the beginning, during the pioneer period, flying was completely in the hands of the pilot and he made all the decisions based on his experience and psychophysical abilities. With the complexity of aircraft and flying, technological, ergonomic and safety conditions have an increasing influence on piloting technique. This paper describes the technological conditions and the development of instrumentation and flight automation systems. The application of the digital cockpit establishes many positive standards, but also raises questions about the further direction of aviation development. A special review describes the use and development of one of the basic instruments in the cockpit -the compass. This instrument is still, in an almost unchanged form, in the modern digital cockpit -glass cockpit

Influence of electrolyte type and agitation regimes on structural- mechanical performance of electrolytically deposited copper coatings on different cathodes

Composite systems of electrodeposited 10 µm Cu coatings on Cu foils and 30 µm Cu coatings on brass foils were obtained in direct current regimes (DC) from electrolytes without/with additives. Different regimes of stirring electrolytes were investigated: stationary, magnetic, and ultrasonic. Also, multilayered Cu coating was successfully obtained by the electrodeposition with periodic ultrasonic/magnetic stirring of basic sulfate electrolyte. A bending test technique was used to assess the adhesive strength to the cathodes. Vickers indentation test machine was used for measuring composite hardness in the micro-range. The adhesion parameters named “the critical reduced depth” and “critical cycle number” for the Cu coatings proved suitable for assessing the adhesion behavior. Composite hardness models of Korsunsky and Chen-Gao were applied in order to calculate an intrinsic hardness of the coatings and for an assessment of adhesion performance. The corrosion resistance of the Cu coatings was investigated using the “static corrosion test.” A comparative study showed that the Cu coatings produced in ultrasonic agitation regime or in laminate form have better mechanical properties and better corrosion resistance. It has also been shown that Cu coatings synthesized from electrolyte with additives are structurally superior, but a “soft hardening effect” was observed

Attachment of MEM piezoresistive silicon pressure sensor dies using different adhesives

This paper gives comparison and discussion of adhesives used for attachment of silicon piezoresistive pressure sensor dies. Special attention is paid on low pressure sensor dies because of their extreme sensitivity on stresses, which can arise from packaging procedure and applied materials. Commercially available adhesives “Scotch Weld 2214 Hi-Temp” from “3M Co.” and “DM2700P/H848” from “DIEMAT”, USA, were compared. First of them is aluminum filled epoxy adhesive and second is low melting temperature (LMT) glass paste. Comparing test results for low pressure sensor chips we found that LMT glass (glass frit) is better adhesive for this application. Applying LMT glass paste minimizes internal stresses caused by disagreement of coefficients of thermal expansions between sensor die and housing material. Also, it minimizes stresses introduced during applying external loads in the process of pressure measuring. Regarding the measurements, for the sensors installed with filled epoxy paste, resistor for compensation of temperature offset change had negative values in all cases, which means that linear temperature compensation, of sensors installed this way, would be impossible. In the sensors installed with LMT glass paste, all results, without exception, were in their common limits (values), which give the possibility of passive temperature compensation. Furthermore, LMT glass attachment can broaden temperature operating range of MEM silicon pressure sensors towards higher values, up to 120 ºC