GWAS meta-analysis of over 29,000 people with epilepsy identifies 26 risk loci and subtype-specific genetic architecture

Epilepsy is a highly heritable disorder affecting over 50 million people worldwide, of which about one-third are resistant to current treatments. Here we report a multi-ancestry genome-wide association study including 29,944 cases, stratified into three broad categories and seven subtypes of epilepsy, and 52,538 controls. We identify 26 genome-wide significant loci, 19 of which are specific to genetic generalized epilepsy (GGE). We implicate 29 likely causal genes underlying these 26 loci. SNP-based heritability analyses show that common variants explain between 39.6% and 90% of genetic risk for GGE and its subtypes. Subtype analysis revealed markedly different genetic architectures between focal and generalized epilepsies. Gene-set analyses of GGE signals implicate synaptic processes in both excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the brain. Prioritized candidate genes overlap with monogenic epilepsy genes and with targets of current antiseizure medications. Finally, we leverage our results to identify alternate drugs with predicted efficacy if repurposed for epilepsy treatment

Treatment of the Hyperventilation Syndrome

A review oi the literature on the hyperventilation syndrome reveals a variety of treatment approaches and a virtual absence of controlled studies of this common problem. Attempts to treat the condition by changing the respiratory pattern through mechanical means can be traced back to the first century A.D. The paper bag method of treatment has many psychological drawbacks and is often unsuccessful. Several avenues of drug treatment have been explored: acidifiers, minor tranquilizers, antidepressants, and stimulants. Reports of success with insight-oriented intensive psychotherapy are scarce. Some forms of group psychotherapy have been tried with success. The model of the medical friendship may be most appropriate, and abreaction as well as verbal ventilation may prevent respiratory hyperventilation at least temporarily. Research is badly needed, utilizing the physiological changes occurring in the hyperventilation syndrome

Utilization of Mental Health Services for Children Relative to Social Class. A Pilot Study

Two groups of children were selected from those evaluated and treated over a two-year period. The study attempted to contrast the mental health care needs and the health care delivery system of children from the uppermost classes against those of the lowest classes. Very few diagnostic discriminators were found. Prevalence of intellectual dysfunctions In the lower classes and neuroses in the upper classes did not correlate with behavior pattern of acting out or acting in. Autistic psychoses were found almost exclusively among the upper classes; suicidality almost exclusively In the lower classes. Upper class children were more frequently referred by their private family physicians, lower class children by agencies and particularly by the Emergency Room. An attempt at followup indicated the probability that lower class clients tended to terminate treatment prematurely, a tendency that was totally equilibrated by the tendency of upper class clients not to enter into treatment at all

The Ku Klux Klan in California 1921 to 1924

Thesis (M.A., History) -- California State University, Sacramento, 1967.This study was initiated in an attempt to\ud discover the events surrounding the growth and\ud development of the Ku Klux Klan in the state of\ud California and to determine the extent of Klan\ud political strength and influence during the early 1920's.\ud Much has been written about the twenties and the role\ud of the Klan in the historical events of that time.\ud However, the state of California has been almost\ud completely ignored in this respect. Those who write\ud history, and the Klan's role in it, have either determined\ud that a discussion of the development of the Ku\ud Klux Klan in California does not merit extensive\ud coverage or else they have been unwilling or unable to\ud do the research necessary to properly discuss this topic.\ud Whatever the reason, a perusal of the literature has\ud revealed a shocking void which needs to be filled. This\ud study makes no pretense of being the final, authoritative\ud word on the subject. It is hoped, however, that it may\ud provide a sort of initial step in that direction.Histor

Festschmuck der Stadt Berlin am 22. März 1897

FESTSCHMUCK DER STADT BERLIN AM 22. MÄRZ 1897 Festschmuck der Stadt Berlin am 22. März 1897 / Hoffmann, Ludwig (Public Domain) ( - ) Title page ( - ) Abbildung: No. 1 ( - ) Abbildung: No. 2 ( - ) Abbildung: No. 3 ( - ) Abbildung: No. 4 ( - ) Abbildung: No. 5 ( - ) Abbildung: No. 6 ( - ) Abbildung: No. 7 ( - ) Abbildung: No. 8 ( - ) Abbildung: No. 9 ( - ) Abbildung: No. 10 ( -