Assessment of Salix spp. pollen availability to insects based on aerobiological investigations

Pollen and nectar produced by flowers of species from the genus Salix are an important source of food for various insect groups in early spring. Most willows are entomophilous species; however, substantial amounts of airborne Salix pollen can be noted. The aim of the study was to evaluate the content of pollen of this taxon in the air of Lublin (central-east Poland) in 2001–2016 and to identify the period of its greatest availability to insects. In 2015, we compared the course of the Salix pollen season in Lublin (51°14'37" N; 22°32'25" E) and in the Roztoczański National Park (50°34'57" N; 23°04'24" E), Poland. We found that the date of the pollen season onset fluctuated greatly between March 16 and April 17. The greatest availability of Salix pollen to insects was noted from the end of the first 10-day-period of April to the first 10-day-period of May. The mean annual sum of airborne Salix pollen grains was 833. In Lublin, Salix pollen accounted for ca. 1.25% of the total airborne pollen content of different plant taxa. The investigations have demonstrated a 2-year cycle of Salix pollen abundance. The comparison of the pollen seasons in Lublin and in the Roztoczański National Park indicates that considerably greater amounts of pollen occur in the urban area than in the air of the Roztoczański National Park

Mugwort pollen season in southern Poland and Lviv (Ukraine) in 2015

The aim of the study was to compare the pollen season of the mugwort in Zielona Gora, Opole, Wroclaw, Sosnowiec, Cracow, Lublin, Guciow (Roztocze National Park) and Lviv. Measurements of pollen concentrations were performed with the volumetric method (Burkard or Lanzoni pollen sampler) in Poland and using the Durham trap in Lviv. Maximum pollen concentrations were observed in all measurement sites in the period between 2nd and 15th August. The highest concentration, the highest annual sum of pollen grains, and the highest risk of pollen allergy due of the presence of high concentrations of mugwort pollen grains in the air were recorded in Zielona Gora, Lublin, and Opole

Ocena okresu dostępności pyłku Salix spp. dla owadów na podstawie badań aerobiologicznych

Pollen and nectar produced by flowers of species from the genus Salix are an important source of food for various insect groups in early spring. Most willows are entomophilous species; however, substantial amounts of airborne Salix pollen can be noted. The aim of the study was to evaluate the content of pollen of this taxon in the air of Lublin (central-east Poland) in 2001–2016 and to identify the period of its greatest availability to insects. In 2015, we compared the course of the Salix pollen season in Lublin (51°14'37" N; 22°32'25" E) and in the Roztoczański National Park (50°34'57" N; 23°04'24" E), Poland. We found that the date of the pollen season onset fluctuated greatly between March 16 and April 17. The greatest availability of Salix pollen to insects was noted from the end of the first 10-day-period of April to the first 10-day-period of May. The mean annual sum of airborne Salix pollen grains was 833. In Lublin, Salix pollen accounted for ca. 1.25% of the total airborne pollen content of different plant taxa. The investigations have demonstrated a 2-year cycle of Salix pollen abundance. The comparison of the pollen seasons in Lublin and in the Roztoczański National Park indicates that considerably greater amounts of pollen occur in the urban area than in the air of the Roztoczański National Park.Pyłek i nektar wytwarzany przez kwiaty gatunków z rodzaju Salix stanowią ważny pokarm w okresie wczesnowiosennym dla różnych grup owadów. Większość wierzb to gatunki owadopylne, jednakże w powietrzu rejestruje się znaczne ilości pyłku Salix. Celem badań było określenie zawartości pyłku tego taksonu w powietrzu Lublina (środkowo-wschodnia Polska) w latach 2001–2016 i wyznaczenie okresu jego największej dostępności dla owadów. W roku 2015 badaliśmy przebieg sezonów pyłkowych Salix w Lublinie oraz w Roztoczańskim Parku Narodowym. Stwierdziliśmy, że data początku sezonu pyłkowego znacznie się waha i przypada na okres zawarty między 16 marca a 17 kwietnia. Okres największej dostępności pyłku Salix dla owadów wyznaczono między końcem pierwszej dekady kwietnia a pierwszą dekadą maja. Średnia suma roczna ziaren pyłku Salix, zarejestrowanego w powietrzu, wyniosła 833. W Lublinie pyłek Salix stanowi średnio 1.25% ogólnej zawartości pyłku różnych taksonów roślin w powietrzu. Z badań wynika, że istnieje dwuletni cykl obfitości pylenia Salix. Porównanie sezonów pyłkowych w Lublinie i Roztoczańskim Parku Narodowym wskazuje, że w powietrzu miasta występuje znacznie więcej pyłku niż w bioaerozolu Roztoczańskiego Parku Narodowego

Synthesis and Regularities of the Structure–Activity Relationship in a Series of <i>N</i>-Pyridyl-4-methyl-2,2-dioxo-1<i>H</i>-2λ⁶,1-benzothiazine-3-carboxamides

According to our quantum and chemical calculations 4-methyl-2,2-dioxo-1H-2&#955;6,1-benzothiazine-3-carboxylic acid imidazolide is theoretically almost as reactive as its 2-carbonyl analog, and it forms the corresponding N-pyridyl-4-methyl-2,2-dioxo-1H-2&#955;6,1-benzothiazine-3-carboxamides with many aminopyridines. However, in practice, the sulfo group introduces significant changes at times and prevents the acylation of sterically hindered amines. One of these products was 2-amino-6-methylpyridine. Thus, it has been concluded that aminopyridines interact with imidazolide in aromatic form where the target for the initial electrophilic attack is the ring nitrogen. To confirm the structure of all substances synthesized, 1H-NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis were used. From X-ray diffraction data it follows that in the crystalline phase the carbonyl and sulfo group may occupy different positions with respect to the plane of the benzothiazine bicycle: this position may be unilateral, typical for 4-methyl-2,2-dioxo-1H-2&#955;6,1-benzothiazine-3-carboxamides, versatile, and not yet encountered in compounds of this type. A comparison of these data with the results of the pharmacological screening conducted on the standard model of carrageenan inflammation showed that the N-pyridylamides of the first group demonstrated a direct dependence of their analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity on the mutual arrangement of the planes of the benzothiazine and pyridine fragments. The new molecular conformation of the benzothiazine nucleus provides a sufficiently high level of analgesic (but not anti-inflammatory) properties in all N-pyridylamides of the second group with an extremely weak dependence on the spatial arrangement of the pyridine cycle. All substances presented this article proved themselves in varying degrees as analgesics and antiphlogistics. Moreover, two of them&#8212;N-(5-methylpyridin-2-yl)- and N-(pyridin-3-yl)-4-methyl-2,2-dioxo-1H-2&#955;6,1-benzothiazine-3-carboxamides&#8212;exceeded the most effective drug of oxicam type Lornoxicam by these indicators