The role of setting for ketamine abuse: clinical and preclinical evidence

Drug abuse is often seen as a unitary phenomenon, partly as a result of the discovery over the past three decades of shared mechanisms of action for addictive substances. Yet the pattern of drug taking is often very different from drug to drug. This is particularly evident in the case of 'club drugs', such as ketamine. Although the number of ketamine abusers is relatively small in the general population, it is quite substantial in some settings. In particular, ketamine abuse is almost exclusively limited to clubs and large music parties, which suggests a major role of context in modulating the reward effects of this drug. This review focuses on recent preclinical and clinical findings, including previously unpublished data, that provide evidence that, even under controlled conditions, ketamine reward is a function of the setting of drug taking

The N=1\mathcal{N}=1 algebra W∞[μ]\mathcal{W}_\infty[\mu] and its truncations

The main objective of this work is to construct and classify the most general classical and quantum $\mathcal{N}=1$ $\mathcal{W}_\infty$-algebras generated by the same spins as the singlet algebra of $N$ fermions and $N$ bosons in the vector representation of $O(N)$ in the $N\to\infty$ limit. This type of algebras appears in a recent $\mathcal{N}=1$ version of the minimal model holography. Our analysis strongly suggests that there is a one parameter family $\mathcal{W}_\infty[\mu]$ of such algebras at every given central charge. Relying on this assumption, we identify various truncations of $\mathcal{W}_\infty[\mu]$ with, on the one hand, (orbifolds of) the Drinfel'd-Sokolov reductions of the Lie superalgebras $B(n,n)$, $B(n-1,n)$, $D(n,n)$ and $D(n+1,n)$, and, on the other hand, (orbifolds of) three $\mathcal{N}=1$ cosets. After a closer inspection we show that these cosets can be realized as a Drinfel'd-Sokolov reduction of $B(n,n)$, $D(n,n)$ and $D(n+1,n)$. We then discuss the implications of our findings for the quantum version of the $\mathcal{N}=1$ minimal model holography.Comment: old section 5.4 removed, 46 page

Extended supersymmetry in AdS_3 higher spin theories

We determine the asymptotic symmetry algebra (for fields of low spin) of the $M\times M$ matrix extended Vasiliev theories on AdS$_3$ and find that it agrees with the $\mathcal{W}$-algebra of their proposed coset duals. Previously it was noticed that for $M=2$ the supersymmetry increases from $\mathcal{N}=2$ to $\mathcal{N}=4$. We study more systematically this type of supersymmetry enhancements and find that, although the higher spin algebra has extended supersymmetry for all $M\geq 2$, the corresponding asymptotic symmetry algebra fails to be superconformal except for $M=2$, when it has large $\mathcal{N}=4$ superconformal symmetry. Moreover, we find that the Vasiliev theories based on $shs^E\! \left( \mathcal{N} \vert 2, \mathbb{R} \right)$ are special cases of the matrix extended higher spin theories, and hence have the same supersymmetry properties.Comment: 23 page

Even spin minimal model holography

The even spin W^e_\infty algebra that is generated by the stress energy tensor together with one Virasoro primary field for every even spin s \geq 4 is analysed systematically by studying the constraints coming from the Jacobi identities. It is found that the algebra is characterised, in addition to the central charge, by one free parameter that can be identified with the self-coupling constant of the spin 4 field. We show that W^e_\infty can be thought of as the quantisation of the asymptotic symmetry algebra of the even higher spin theory on AdS_3. On the other hand, W^e_\infty is also quantum equivalent to the so(N) coset algebras, and thus our result establishes an important aspect of the even spin minimal model holography conjecture. The quantum equivalence holds actually at finite central charge, and hence opens the way towards understanding the duality beyond the leading 't Hooft limit.Comment: 32 pages, v2: reference added, minor changes in tex

L'utilisation des secours volontaires etdes hôpitaux civils par le Service de santé de guerre en Suisse

Pour la compréhension de l'exposé qui va suivre, énon-çons tout d'abord quelques remarques préliminaires. Les institutions démocratiques de la Suisse, sa population, composée de représentants de quatre langues, le manque de matières premières et la nécessité de nombreux échanges de marchandises avec l'étranger excluent l'institution d'une économie de guerre, qui priverait le pays, en temps de paix, d'une grande partie de ses ressources économiques et techniques. Les préparatifs pour la guerre, qui ne sont pas d'ordre exclusivement militaire, sont done, par là-même, fort restreint

Weisheit am Kreuzweg. Zum theologischen Programm von 1Kor 1 und 2

The Pauline word of the cross (1Cor 1–2) unfolds an epistemological meta-theory referring to the conditions that make theology possible. The entire argumentation can be read as a dialogue with the dominant Greek-Hellenistic world-view. Within his own horizon of apocalyptic-sapiential theology Paul focuses on how the cross issues a critique of every form of thinking which does not reflect its own limitations in time and space. The word of the cross is correlated, therefore, to the expectation of a judgement about the teachers and preachers of the gospel

Diesseits von Golgatha. Zum Verständnis des Kreuzestodes Jesu als Sühnopfer

The understanding of Jesus’ death on the cross as a sacrifice of atonement is based on the multiple interpretations of Jesus’ death in the New Testament. The early Christian approaches to the interpretation of Jesus’ death as a sacrifice lead to far-reaching cultural and anthropological implications

THE IMPACT OF RISK ON THE INEQUALITY: EVIDENCES FROM THE IRISH AGRICULTURAL SECTOR

Agricultural Finance, Risk and Uncertainty,

Risk Preferences and Voluntary Agri-environmental Schemes: Does Risk Aversion Explain the Uptake of the Rural Environment Protection Scheme?

Environmental Economics and Policy, Risk and Uncertainty,