Gas phase nucleation core electrodes for the electrolytical method of measuring the dynamic surface tension inaqueous solutions

The design and operation of a new type of single nucleation site electrode, the gas phase nucleation core (GPNC) electrode, is described in this paper. The GPNC is basically an artificial Harvey nucleus which is made on a microelectrode. It is experimentally shown that it is possible to generate monosized gas bubbles with a periodical evolution by this method. The gas bubble evolution process is monitored electrically by means of overpotential and impedance measurements as well as optically observed. It is concluded that a possible use of the devices could be as a surfactant concentration sensor

A new probe for measuring electrolytic conductance

A conductance cell of which the electrodes are provided with a 110 nm thick Ta2O5 insulating film is proposed and realized. The stable and very low impedance of the total oxide/solution interface largely reduces interference from redox processes. Measurement results, given as an output voltage between 10 and 600 mV as a function of the specific resistance between 0.1 and 8 k¿, are shown to be in agreement with theoretically calculated results, both at the constant current and constant voltage mode of operation

Gas bubbles electrolytically generated at microcavity electrodes used for the measurement of the dynamic surface tension in liquids

A new method is proposed for the measurement of dynamic surface tension in aqueous solutions. The advantage of this method with respect to the classical method based on sparging is that the use of gas pumps is avoided, resulting in a miniaturized system. This method is based on the in situ generation of gas bubbles by means of electrolysis at microcavity electrodes (MCEs). As a consequence of electrode surface shaping, a single nucleation site for gas bubbles is created. The MCE is used simultaneously as a bubble actuator (generator) and as a bubble size and/or frequency sensor. Measurement results prove the suitability of the electrolytic method for the monitoring of the dynamic surface tension in aqueous solutions

Gas Bubbles Electrolytically Generated At Microcavity Electrodes (MCE) Used For The Measurement Of The Dynamic Surface Tension In Liquids

A new method is proposed for the measurement of dynamic surface tension in aqueous solutions. The advantage of this method with respect to the classical method based on sparging is that the use (of gas pumps is avoided, resulting in a miniaturised system. This method is based on the in-situ generation of gas bubbles by means of electrolysis at Microcavity Electrodes (MCE). As a consequence of electrode surface shaiping, a single nucleation site for gas bubbles is created. The MCE is used simultaneously as a bubble actuator (generator) and as a bubble size andlor frequency sensor. Measurement results prove the suitability of the electrolytical method for the monitoring of the dynamic surface tension in aqueous\ud solutions

Measurement of the dynamic surface tension in liquids by means of gas bubbles generated at single nucleation site electrodes

A new method is proposed for the measurement of dynamic surface tension in aqueous solutions. The advantage of this method with respect to the classical method based on sparging is that the use (of gas pumps is avoided, resulting in a miniaturised system. This method is based on the in-situ generation of gas bubbles by means of electrolysis at Microcavity Electrodes (MCE). As a consequence of electrode surface shaiping, a single nucleation site for gas bubbles is created. The MCE is used simultaneously as a bubble actuator (generator) and as a bubble size andlor frequency sensor. Measurement results prove the suitability of the electrolytical method for the monitoring of the dynamic surface tension in aqueous solutions

Dynamic surface tension measured with an integrated sensor-actuator device using electrolytically generated gas bubbles

In this paper, a new, simple method to determine dynamic surface tension in aqueous solutions is reported, explained and experimentally verified. By function integration, a small device is obtained; apart from control and interface electronics no external components or systems are necessary. Instead of the conventional sparging, we use the (cathodic) electrolysis of water at an actuator to produce gas bubbles in situ. The actuator can also function as the sensor for the bubble frequency by monitoring either its overpotential or its impedanc

Stereo: editing clones refactored as code generators

International audienceClone detection is a largely mature technology able to detect many code duplications, also called clones, in software systems of practically any size. The classic approaches to clone management are either clone removal, which consists in refactoring clones as an available language abstraction, or clone tracking, using a so-called linked editor, able to propagate changes between clone instances. However, past studies have shown that clone removal is not always feasible due to the limited expressiveness of language abstractions, or not desirable because of the abstraction overhead or the risks inherent to the refactoring. Linked editors, on the other hand, provide costless abstraction at no risk, but have their own issues, such as limited expressiveness, scalability, and controllability. This paper presents a new approach in which clones are safely refactored as code generators, but the unmodified code is presented to the maintainers with the same look-and-feel as in a linked editor. This solution has good expressiveness, scalability, and controllability properties. A prototype such editor is presented along with a first application within an industrial project

Towards Smart and Sustainable Multimodal Public Transports Based on a Participatory Ecosystem

International audienceLeveraging on the recent availability of open data about public transports, the last generation of smartphone applications provide highly personalised guidance to passengers during their trips. This smart assistance definitely improves the passenger comfort and streamlines their trips, especially in case of infrastructure incidents and/or multimodal trips. However, there are important limitations stemming from the unidirectional flow of information going from transport operators to passengers: (1) waste of computing resources, partially defeating the purpose of sustainability, and (2) missed opportunities of optimisations by the transport operators, which do not exploit detailed real-time passengers information. This paper presents ongoing work towards smarter and more sustainable multimodal transports based on a full-duplex ecosystem in which passengers and transport operators actively exchange information and react correspondingly. As first steps in this direction, we show how this integration can lead to greener computing applications by varying the balance between the smartphone and the cloud, and present a few concrete optimisations enabled in this model, during the trip itself or on a longer term by improving the transport infrastructure. We illustrate this ecosystem with a smartphone/cloud application prototype, and elaborate the remaining challenges for fully implementing this vision, including issues like interoperability, scalability, and acceptability

An Evaluation of the DiaSuite Toolset by Professional Developers: Learning Cost and Usability

International audienceThis paper evaluates a design-driven, tool-based approach, named DiaSuite, dedicated to developing applications involving sensors and actuators. Specifically, we evaluate the usability and the learning cost of DiaSuite as a first step to assess the potential for transferring this technology to the industrial practice of this domain. We assess the cost of learning DiaSuite by involving four professional programmers in a usability study involving a software engineering task. This experiment brings preliminary evidence that the DiaSuite technology can be used effectively by professional developers after only half a day of training. We then present qualitative data about the usage and usability of DiaSuite, collected from developers, via questionnaires and interviews. Finally, we discuss lessons learned from this work