291 research outputs found
Introduction
Il nây a pas de mĂ©talangage J. Lacan (1971[1966]). La science et la vĂ©ritĂ©. In Ecrits II. Paris : Seuil Or voici que ces « pelures » elles-mĂȘmes subsistent en Ă©tat de coexistence, comme termes possibles pour dâautres relations que celles qui les avaient rassemblĂ©es en un oignon. J.-T. Desanti (1999). Philosophie : un rĂȘve de flambeur (citĂ© par A. Culioli (2018[2001]): 177) Quand Lacan soutient quâil nây a pas de mĂ©talangage, câest dâun mĂ©talangage extĂ©rieur, propre Ă recouvrir le langage et ..
Effets sémantiques, syntaxiques et énonciatifs du jeu entre quantité et qualité
Lâopposition entre une rĂ©fĂ©rence quantitative et une rĂ©fĂ©rence qualitative permet de rendre compte des diffĂ©rences aspectuelles entre types de procĂšs, et aussi de divers faits de polysĂ©mie qui ont pu ĂȘtre rapportĂ©s les uns Ă des mĂ©canismes de transposition entre lecture massive et lecture comptable des nominaux, les autres Ă la thĂ©orie de la mĂ©taphore gĂ©nĂ©ralisĂ©e. Elle rend compte en outre de diffĂ©rentes valeurs de temps grammaticaux comme le prĂ©sent ou le passĂ© composĂ© en français, et plus largement des diffĂ©rences entre jugement, description ou histoire. Sur le plan de la sĂ©mantique des propositions, elle permet dâintĂ©grer une approche strictement fregĂ©enne avec celle quâĂ©labore la DRT (Discours Representation Theory) dâune part, et avec celle de la SĂ©mantique des Situations dâautre part. Du cĂŽtĂ© de la syntaxe, elle permet dâenvisager quâil y ait diffĂ©rents modes de structuration des propositions, entre structuration bipartite articulant le sujet au groupe verbal pris globalement, structuration tripartite mettant sujet et objet Ă Ă©galitĂ©, ou structuration multipartite avec un noyau monopartite diversement repĂ©rĂ© par rapport Ă une succession de constituants ; et elle permet ce faisant de rendre compte des diffĂ©rences qui sĂ©parent morphologie des genres/nombres, morphologie des cas et morphologie des personnes.The opposition between a quantitative and a qualitative reference is used to account for the aspectual contrasts to be found in the various types of process, as well as for various facts of polysemy regarding nominals, some of them related to mecanisms of transposition from mass terms to countable terms, others usually described in terms of generalized metaphor. The same opposition is available to account for different interpretations of the French present tense and composed past tense, and more specifically for the differences between argumentative, descriptive or narrative types of discourse. But it also proves to have crucial consequences in the domain of the semantics of propositions, where it is proposed to combine a Fregean approach with the Discourse Representation Theory on one hand and with the Semantics of situations on the other hand. Concerning syntax, the same opposition leads to argue that there are different types of structuration of the propositions, some bipartite connecting a subject and a verbal group, some tripartite equalizing subjet and objects, some multipartite with a monopartite verbal nexus with various connections to independant noun phrases; and finally, the same opposition suggests a major differenciation between gender/number morphology, case morphology, and person marks morphology
La croisée des chemins. Remarques sur la topologie des relations langue / discours chez Benveniste
On soutient que lâoriginalitĂ© de Benveniste est dâavoir conçu le discours comme Ă©tant Ă la fois extĂ©rieur et intĂ©rieur Ă la langue. On explique ainsi les retournements qui Ă©maillent le texte des ProblĂšmes de Linguistique GĂ©nĂ©rale, retournements oĂč lâon propose de voir non pas les effets dâune confusion, mais une vĂ©ritable figure de pensĂ©e. Parcourant les diffĂ©rents lieux oĂč lâextĂ©rieur du discours se voit ainsi intĂ©grĂ© dans la langue, on montre que la conception du discours qui sây met en place est profondĂ©ment diffĂ©rente de la conception traditionnelle telle quâon la retrouve par exemple reprĂ©sentĂ©e dans les travaux classiques de pragmatique. Chemin faisant, on est amenĂ© Ă proposer une rĂ©interprĂ©tation du concept dâhistoire, celle-ci figurant une forme particuliĂšre dâintĂ©gration du discours dans la langue : un certain nombre dâindices permettent de dĂ©crire lâhistoire comme le mode dâĂ©nonciation Ă travers lequel le systĂšme de la langue en vient Ă rĂ©fĂ©rer, hors de la sphĂšre dâun sujet, par le seul biais de la « fonction dĂ©nominative » qui lui est attachĂ©e. On soutient enfin que, contrairement Ă ce qui est souvent allĂ©guĂ©, Benveniste ne sâest pas contentĂ© dâĂ©toffer par des considĂ©rations sĂ©mantiques un programme essentiellement sĂ©miotique dâanalyse des unitĂ©s de la langue : il a effectivement mis en Ćuvre son programme sĂ©mantique, que ce soit dans lâanalyse des opĂ©rations implicites du discours, ou dans lâĂ©tude des diffĂ©rents mĂ©canismes de constitution des syntagmes.It is argued that the originality of  Benveniste lies in a conception of discourse as being both external and internal to the system of the language. This gives an explanation to the various contradictions that can be traced in Problems of General Linguistics, contradictions that should not be taken as the effects of confusion, but as the manifestations of what can be recognized as a  full  figure of thought. Going through the different moments of this integration of discourse into the internal system of language, one discovers  a conception of discourse which is very different from the traditional conception such as it is settled  in classical pragmatic litterature. This leads in particular to a reinterpretation of the concept of Histoire as figuring one of the mode of this general process of integration : various data suggest that Histoire could be described as the way through which the system of language  reaches reference, outside  the scope of a subjective point of view, through its « denominative function ».It is shown finally that, contrary to what is usually claimed, Benveniste did not just insert semantic considerations in a program that would be mainly semiotic : he did develop the semantic part of his program when he explored the implicit mecanisms of discourse, and through his various researches about syntagmation
L'imparfait aoristique, ni mutant ni commutant
On étudie l'effet de sens qui se trouve associé à l'imparfait dit « de rupture », dont on montre la spécificité, par rapport à d'autres emplois de l'imparfait et à des emplois parallÚles du passé simple : il s'avÚre qu'il ressortit à la catégorie de l'aoristique et qu'il s'inscrit dans une logique de la validation. Cela nous conduit à proposer une nouvelle caractérisation de l'imparfait, fondée sur ce concept de validation. L'analyse de différents emplois concurrents permet par ailleurs de mettre en évidence deux paramÚtres généraux de variation, relatifs aux modes de constitution de la référence, qui rendent compte de ces emplois dans leur diversité.This paper deals with a particular use of the French imparfait, at work in narrative texts : the so called « imparfait de rupture ». The specificity of this use is pointed up through a comparison with other uses of this tense on the one hand and with simitar uses of the simple past on the other hand. It turns out that this value comes under the category of the aoristic, and involves a problematic of validation. This leads to a new characterisation of the imparfait, based on this concept of validation. Besides, the analysis of various contrastive uses of this tense leads to put forward two general parameters of variation, relating to the modes of constitution of the reference, liable to account for these uses in their diversity
A la recherche des paramĂštres de lâĂ©laboration du sens au sein des Ă©noncĂ©s
On remet en cause les principes de prĂ©dictivitĂ© et de falsifiabilitĂ© appliquĂ©s Ă lâanalyse sĂ©mantique et on propose une dĂ©marche inductive fondĂ©e sur la dĂ©termination des paramĂštres Ă partir desquels le sens linguistique se dĂ©ploie. On soutient que le sens linguistique ressortit, Ă tous les niveaux de lâanalyse linguistique, dâune Ă©laboration Ă©nonciative. On montre que ces Ă©laborations procĂšdent dâun dĂ©ploiement illimitĂ©, induit par les quatre moteurs de diversification que sont les syntagmes, les paradigmes, les gloses et les paraphrases. On propose une caractĂ©risation de la forme Ă©noncĂ© articulant rĂ©fĂ©rent Ă dire et valeur rĂ©fĂ©rentielle construite. On Ă©voque un certain nombre de paramĂštres Ă lâĆuvre dans le dĂ©ploiement de sens, au travers des formes schĂ©matiques qui caractĂ©risent lâidentitĂ© de toute unitĂ© lexicale, au travers des jeux de mise en coĂŻncidence entre rĂ©fĂ©rent extĂ©rieur et valeur rĂ©fĂ©rentielle, au travers des jeux sur lâaltĂ©ritĂ© qui travaillent Ă un titre ou un autre toute construction de lâidentitĂ©.This paper discusses the principles of predictivity and falsifiability applied to semantic analysis and proposes an inductive approach based on parameters involved in the unfolding of meaning. It claims that linguistic meaning emerges out of âenunciativeâ elaborations at every level of linguistic analysis. These elaborations proceed from unlimited development, induced by four sources of diversification: syntagms, paradigms, reformulations and paraphrases. A characterization of the utterance (seen as the French âĂ©noncĂ©â) is proposed here, based on the articulation between the reference to be and the referential value it elaborates. Some parameters involved in the construction of meaning are discussed: what is described as âschematic formsâ characterizing the identity of any lexical unity, but also the different modalities of articulation between referent and referential value, as well as inter-subjective positioning processes, which are bound to be involved in any construction of identity
Le champ des subordonnées dites conditionnelles du français : conditions, éventualités, suppositions et hypothÚses
On montre que la configuration Ă©nonciative qui caractĂ©rise lâexpression dâune relation conditionnelle est ambiguĂ«, recouvrant deux types de condition dâune part, des Ă©ventualitĂ©s et des suppositions dâautre part, des hypothĂšses et de simples prĂ©dications fictives enfin. Cela permet de rendre compte de la diversitĂ© des valeurs sâobservant dans le champ des subordonnĂ©es conditionnelles du français, mais aussi de la relation de quasi synonymie qui pourtant unit ce champ, et de la position remarquable quây occupe la conjonction si, subsumant Ă elle seule toutes les diffĂ©rences rencontrĂ©es.There is a fundamental ambiguity in the enunciative configuration that characterizes the expression of conditional relation: it is shown that this configuration covers two types of condition, an opposition between eventuality and supposition, an opposition between hypothesis and mere fictive predication. This triple ambiguity accounts for the diversity of values that can be encountered in French. It accounts also for the relation of quasi synonymy which unifies the field, as well as for the special position of the conjunction si in this field, when it alone can subsume all the distinctions observed
Syntaxe, référence et identité du verbe filer
On propose une caractĂ©risation du verbe filer qui vise Ă rendre compte de lâensemble de ses emplois et valeurs, sans privilĂ©gier les valeurs concrĂštes que ce verbe peut avoir. Cette caractĂ©risation se fonde sur une description des diffĂ©rents paramĂštres rĂ©fĂ©rentiels qui sont impliquĂ©s dans lâinterprĂ©tation  de filer. Un des rĂ©sultats de lâanalyse est de montrer que filer et fil sont identiques de ce point de vue. Un autre rĂ©sultat est quâil apparaĂźt que la diversitĂ© des valeurs observĂ©es provient en partie de stratĂ©gies spĂ©cifiques dâadaptation du mot au contexte rĂ©fĂ©rentiel, mais peut ĂȘtre en partie aussi rapportĂ©e Ă un certain nombre de principes gĂ©nĂ©raux de variation. DiffĂ©rentes hypothĂšses  gĂ©nĂ©rales sont Ă cette occasion Ă©laborĂ©es, qui concernent plusieurs grands secteurs de la linguistique : on soutient que lâidentitĂ© lexicale est largement indĂ©pendante des propriĂ©tĂ©s distributionnelles des unitĂ©s considĂ©rĂ©es ; on soutient que la valeur sĂ©mantique des unitĂ©s est largement indĂ©pendante des diffĂ©rentes conceptualisations auxquelles les objets rĂ©fĂ©rentiels peuvent donner lieu ; on soutient que la rĂ©fĂ©rence linguistique implique Ă la fois une dimension quantitative et une dimension qualitative qui doivent ĂȘtre bien dissociĂ©es ; on propose une caractĂ©risation des catĂ©gories syntaxiques (en particulier celle de verbe et celle de nom) dâune part, de la structure syntaxique des propositions dâautre part, de diffĂ©rents types de composition syntaxique enfin ; on Ă©labore les bases dâune thĂ©orie de la transitivitĂ© oĂč diffĂ©rents types de structures transitives sont distinguĂ©s.This article brings out a characterization of filer that allows to account for the various uses and meanings of the verb, without giving greater importance to its concrete values (when the verb refers to the activity of spinning, for example). The paper includes a description of the different referential parameters that are involved in the interpretation of filer. One of the results of the investigation is that the verb filer and the noun fil show no distinction concerning these parameters, and the way they are related to each other. Another result is that the variety of meanings and uses of the verb can be accounted for by general principles of variation, aside from mere specific strategies of adaptation to the referential context. The article also develops several hypotheses relative to general areas of linguistics: lexical identity is claimed to be greatly independent from distributional properties; linguistic meaning is claimed to be greatly independent from the different ways referential items can be cognitively conceptualized; linguistic reference is claimed to involve both a quantitative and a qualitative dimension that should be dissociated. Hypothesis on syntax are brought out as well, concerning the status of syntactic categories (such as verbs and nouns), concerning the structure of propositions, concerning various types of syntactic compositions of items, concerning various kinds of transitivity and various ways of deriving a transitive construction from an intransitive one
A lĂngua entre cognição e discurso
This article examines the role of language in the structure of cognition and discourse. More precisely, it seeks to investigate whether language structure is determined by general structures of cognition, or whether language may actually exist apart from discourse. It starts by resuming Saussureâs linguistic autonomy, and moves on to establish a dialectic relation between language, discourse, and cognition. It exploits authors who argue that language determines discourse and builds knowledge where as it is also influenced by the same discourse and context, and the knowledge from which they arise. This dialecticis shown and questioned in utterances, which determine discourse and are by it determined, and even in words, which determine discourse and knowledge while being an effect of this very discourse and knowledge. This discussion will lead to interpret that terminology might also be within and external to language.Keywords: language-cognition, language-discourse, utterance, lexis.Este artigo propĂ”e-se a examinar o papel da linguagem e das lĂnguas na elaboração da cognição e dos discursos, mais precisamente, a examinar se a estrutura da lĂngua seria ou nĂŁo determinada pelas estruturas gerais da cognição ou se existiria ou nĂŁo lĂngua fora do discurso. PropĂ”e-se ainda a recuperar a tese saussuriana da autonomia da linguĂstica, evidenciando uma relação dialĂ©tica entre lĂngua, discurso e cognição: de um lado, a lĂngua determina o discurso e constrĂłi saber, de outro, encontra-se afetada pelos discursos, pelas contextualizaçÔes e pelos saberes dos quais estes discursos procedem. Mostramos esta dialĂ©tica em jogo nos enunciados, que determinam o discurso e sĂŁo por ele determinados, e nas prĂłprias palavras, que determinam discursos e saberes ao mesmo tempo em que sĂŁo efeitos de discursos e reflexos de saberes, o que faz com que a terminologia seja, esta tambĂ©m, externa e interna Ă lĂngua.Palavras-chave: relação linguagem-cognição, relação lĂngua-discurso ,enunciado, lĂ©xico
- âŠ