The electron- ion interaction potential (EIIP) of amino acids.

<p>The electron- ion interaction potential (EIIP) of amino acids.</p

Phylogenetic comparison of pdmH1N1 IAV detected between 2011 and 2015 in China, and SIV A/swine/Guangxi/18/2011 and A/swine/Guangdong/104/2013.

<p>(<b>A</b>) The ISM-based phylogenetic tree; (<b>B</b>) the sequence similarity-based ML phylogenetic tree. The phylogenetic trees are created using HA1 protein sequences.</p

The amplitude values on IS frequencies F(0.055) and F(0.295) calculated for HA1 of SIV and the pdmH1N1 vaccine virus A/California/07/2009.

<p>The amplitude values on IS frequencies F(0.055) and F(0.295) calculated for HA1 of SIV and the pdmH1N1 vaccine virus A/California/07/2009.</p

The informational spectrum of HA1 from SIV.

<p>(<b>A</b>) A/swine/Guangdong/104/2013 and (<b>B</b>) A/swine/Guangxi/18/2011.</p

Phylogenetic comparison of A/swine/Guangxi/18/2011, A/swine/Guangdong/104/2013 and A/Hebei-Yuhua/SWL1250/2012 and pdmH1N1 A/California/07/2009 virus.

<p>(<b>A</b>) The ISM-based phylogenetic tree; (<b>B</b>) The sequence similarity-based ML phylogenetic tree.</p

Cytarabine induces apoptosis in REH cells.

<p>(A) REH cells were incubated in the presence of different concentrations of cytarabine and cell viability was determined by acid phosphatase assay after 24 h and 48 h. The data are mean ± SD values of triplicate measurements from a representative of three independent experiments (*p<0.05 compared to untreated cells). (B) REH cells were incubated for 24 h with cytarabine (3.2 μM) and phosphatidylserine exposure was determined by flow cytometry after annexin/PI staining. The dot plots from a representative of three independent experiments are presented.</p

Cytarabine induces autophagy in REH cells.

<p>REH cells were incubated with cytarabine alone (3.2 μM) (A-C, E), or with cytarabine in the absence or presence of proteolysis inhibitors bafilomycin A1 (Baf; 10 nM) or chloroquine (Cq; 20 μM) (D). After 16 h, the presence of acridine orange-stained intracellular vesicles was demonstrated by flow cytometry, showing an increase in red/green (FL3/FL1) mean fluorescence ratio (A), or fluorescent microscopy (B). LC3 conversion, beclin-1 and p62 levels were assessed by immunoblotting at the indicated time points (C) or after 8 h (D). The blots from a representative of three independent experiments are presented, while the densitometry data are mean ± SD values (*p<0.05 or ^#p< 0.05 compared to untreated cells or cells treated with proteolysis inhibitors, respectively). (E) The presence of autophagic vesicles was analyzed after 24 h by electron microscopy and the representative micrographs from two experiments are shown.</p

Pharmacological inhibition of autophagy enhances cytarabine-induced apoptosis in leukemic cells.

<p>REH (A-F), HL-60 (G) and PBMC from CML patients (H) or healthy controls (I) were incubated for 24 h with cytarabine (3.2 μM) in the presence or absence of the autophagy inhibitors bafilomycin A1 (BAF; 10 nM) or chloroquine (CQ; 20 μM). Cell viability was determined by acid phosphatase test (A, G-I), while DNA fragmentation (B), phosphatidylserine exposure (C), caspase activation (D), mitochondrial depolarization (E) or superoxide production (F) were examined by flow cytometry using appropriate fluorochromes. The data are mean ± SD values of triplicates from a representative of three experiments (A, G-I) or mean ± SD values from three independent experiments (B-F) (*p<0.05 or ^#p<0.05 compared to untreated cells or cells treated with cytarabine alone, respectively).</p

Cytarabine inhibits mTOR and modulates AMPK/Akt/ERK signaling in HL-60 and primary leukemic cells.

<p>HL-60 (A), PBMC from CML patients (B) or healthy controls (C) were incubated for the indicated time periods with cytarabine (3.2 μM) and the levels of phosphorylated/total mTOR, p70S6K, AMPK, Akt and ERK were determined by immunoblotting. The representative blots from three independent experiments (A) or three different PBMC samples (B, C) are shown, while the densitometry data are mean ± SD values (*p<0.05 compared to untreated cells).</p

Cytarabine induces Atg expression, inhibits mTOR and modulates Akt/ERK signaling in REH cells.

<p>(A, B) REH cells were incubated for the indicated time periods with cytarabine (3.2 μM) and the levels of phosphorylated/total mTOR, p70S6K, AMPK, Akt and ERK were determined by immunoblotting. The representative blots from three independent experiments are shown (A), while the densitometry data are mean ± SD values (*p<0.05 compared to untreated cells) (B). (C, D) REH cells were incubated for 16h (C) or indicated time periods (D) with cytarabine (3.2 μM) in the absence or presence of leucine (2 mM) (C). Intracellular acidification in acridine orange-stained cells was determined by flow cytometry (C), while the amounts of Atg4, Atg5, Atg7, Atg12 and p62 mRNA were analyzed by RT-PCR (D). The data are mean ± SD values from three independent experiments (C) or mean ± SD values of triplicates from a representative of three experiments (D) (*p<0.05 compared to untreated cells).</p