Relationship between childhood thyroid cancer incidence, radiation thyroid dose and nitrate in groundwater in Belarus.

<p>^a Intercept-only model.</p><p>^b Likelihood-ratio chi-square test of the current model fit comparing to an empty model.</p><p>^c Significance of the regression coefficient associated with a given predictor in the current model, Wald chi-square test.</p><p>^d A multiplicative interaction term between radiation dose and nitrate concentration.</p><p>Relationship between childhood thyroid cancer incidence, radiation thyroid dose and nitrate in groundwater in Belarus.</p

Nitrate concentration (mg/L) in groundwater from open wells in different areas of Belarus in 1988–1990.

<p>Borders and oblast administrative centers are highlighted in violet.</p

Recapitulation of the combination effect of radiation and nitrates on thyroid cancer risk.

<p>Exposure to both radiation and high levels of nitrates is proposed to increase risk for developing thyroid cancer.</p

Variation of excess relative risk with age at the time of the accident (using regression calibration adjusted doses).

<p>Other details as for <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139826#pone.0139826.g001" target="_blank">Fig 1</a>.</p

Results of ultrasound screening programs for thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer in Belarus after the Chernobyl accident.

<p>^a Sivuda V., Grigorovich A., personal communication, Minsk, Belarus, 2013.</p><p>Results of ultrasound screening programs for thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer in Belarus after the Chernobyl accident.</p

Mean thyroid dose from ¹³¹I, nitrate in groundwater, number of pediatric thyroid cancers, and incidence rate of pediatric thyroid cancer among Belarusians 0–18 years old at the time of the Chernobyl accident.

<p>^a Adapted from [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0137226#pone.0137226.ref027" target="_blank">27</a>].</p><p>^b Crude incidence rates for 1986–2004 period.</p><p>^c Including the city of Minsk.</p><p>Mean thyroid dose from ¹³¹I, nitrate in groundwater, number of pediatric thyroid cancers, and incidence rate of pediatric thyroid cancer among Belarusians 0–18 years old at the time of the Chernobyl accident.</p

¹³¹I deposition density (kBq/m²) in the soil of Belarus as of May 10, 1986 [11].

<p>Borders and administrative centers of oblasts are highlighted in violet.</p

Parameter estimates and 95% profile likelihood-based confidence intervals (95% CI) (or 95% Bayesian credible intervals (BCI)) for analysis of curvature in fits of excess odds ratio model (1) with or without adjustment for dose errors using regression calibration, for various sets of doses.

<p>^aunless otherwise stated all <i>p</i>-values refer to the improvement in fit of the current row in the Table with that of the model fitted in the row immediately above.</p><p>^b<i>p</i>-value of improvement in fit compared with a model with linear-exponential dose terms.</p><p>^c<i>p</i>-value of improvement in fit compared with a model with no dose terms.</p><p>^ddeviance information criterion [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139826#pone.0139826.ref024" target="_blank">24</a>].</p><p>^eposterior distribution maximum probability estimate.</p><p>^f95% Bayesian credibility interval (BCI).</p><p>All models have underlying rates adjusted for age (treated categorically), gender and oblast.</p

Dose-response (+95 CI) for thyroid cancer in relation to deterministic [4, 21], and regression-calibration adjusted doses (arithmetic means of 1,000 individual stochastic doses) [22].

<p>The models are adjusted for age (treated categorically), gender and oblast in the baseline. Dashed red line shows odds ratio = 1. The lower panel shows the lower dose (<0.5 Gy) part of the dose response.</p

Association results between the five polymorphisms and the risk of developing DTC.

<p>^a Stratified by age and sex.</p><p>^b Stratified by age and sex, and adjusted on BMI, BSA ethnicity, and thyroid radiation dose received before age 15 years.</p><p>^c Multiplicative model of inheritance.</p><p>^d Dominant model of inheritance (combined heterozygotes and rare homozygotes <i>versus</i> common homozygotes).</p><p>^e Recessive model of inheritance (rare homozygotes <i>versus</i> combined heterozygotes and common homozygotes).</p><p>^f S for alleles coding for 12–14 alanines and L for alleles coding for 16–19 alanines.</p><p>Association results between the five polymorphisms and the risk of developing DTC.</p