Dimensional reduction, quantum Hall effect and layer parity in graphite films

The quantum Hall effect (QHE) originates from discrete Landau levels forming in a two-dimensional (2D) electron system in a magnetic field. In three dimensions (3D), the QHE is forbidden because the third dimension spreads Landau levels into multiple overlapping bands, destroying the quantisation. Here we report the QHE in graphite crystals that are up to hundreds of atomic layers thick - thickness at which graphite was believed to behave as a 3D bulk semimetal. We attribute the observation to a dimensional reduction of electron dynamics in high magnetic fields, such that the electron spectrum remains continuous only in the direction of the magnetic field, and only the last two quasi-one-dimensional (1D) Landau bands cross the Fermi level. In sufficiently thin graphite films, the formation of standing waves breaks these 1D bands into a discrete spectrum, giving rise to a multitude of quantum Hall plateaux. Despite a large number of layers, we observe a profound difference between films with even and odd numbers of graphene layers. For odd numbers, the absence of inversion symmetry causes valley polarisation of the standing-wave states within 1D Landau bands. This reduces QHE gaps, as compared to films of similar thicknesses but with even layer numbers because the latter retain the inversion symmetry characteristic of bilayer graphene. High-quality graphite films present a novel QHE system with a parity-controlled valley polarisation and intricate interplay between orbital, spin and valley states, and clear signatures of electron-electron interactions including the fractional QHE below 0.5 K

Persistent form of bovine viral diarrhea

The review provides an analysis of literature data on the persistent form of Bovine Viral diarrhea/Mucosal disease (BVD) and is focused on virus and host factors, including those related to immune response, that contribute the persistence of the virus. BVD is a cattle disease widespread throughout the world that causes significant economic damage to dairy and beef cattle. The disease is characterized by a variety of clinical signs, including damage to the digestive and respiratory organs, abortions, stillbirths and other failures of reproductive functions

Goltsov phenomenon as a natural-technogenic electromagnetic discharge of the lithosphere

The article presents data on an unusual natural phenomenon that occurred on November 30, 1984 in the village of Goltsovka, Zmeinogorsky District, Altai Territory. It manifested itself in the passage above the village of a luminous ball, which was accompanied by an impact on the surface of the earth and led to some damage to structures and buildings. A detailed description of this unusual phenomenon in the published scientific literature, as far as we know, is practically absent. The article describes this phenomenon, based on data collected soon after the event, with the addition of upto-date clarifying information. A comparison is made with several known cases of ball lightning and a whirlwind. The conclusion is made about an unusually large energy release in the Goltsovka event

High electron mobility, quantum Hall effect and anomalous optical response in atomically thin InSe

A decade of intense research on two-dimensional (2D) atomic crystals has revealed that their properties can differ greatly from those of the parent compound. These differences are governed by changes in the band structure due to quantum confinement and are most profound if the underlying lattice symmetry changes. Here we report a high-quality 2D electron gas in few-layer InSe encapsulated in hexagonal boron nitride under an inert atmosphere. Carrier mobilities are found to exceed 103cm2V-1s-1and 104cm2V-1s-1at room and liquid-helium temperatures, respectively, allowing the observation of the fully developed quantum Hall effect. The conduction electrons occupy a single 2D subband and have a small effective mass. Photoluminescence spectroscopy reveals that the bandgap increases by more than 0.5eV with decreasing the thickness from bulk to bilayer InSe. The band-edge optical response vanishes in monolayer InSe, which is attributed to the monolayer's mirror-plane symmetry. Encapsulated 2D InSe expands the family of graphene-like semiconductors and, in terms of quality, is competitive with atomically thin dichalcogenides and black phosphorus.EU, EPSRC. The Royal Societ

Omecamtiv mecarbil in chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, GALACTIC‐HF: baseline characteristics and comparison with contemporary clinical trials

Aims: The safety and efficacy of the novel selective cardiac myosin activator, omecamtiv mecarbil, in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is tested in the Global Approach to Lowering Adverse Cardiac outcomes Through Improving Contractility in Heart Failure (GALACTIC‐HF) trial. Here we describe the baseline characteristics of participants in GALACTIC‐HF and how these compare with other contemporary trials. Methods and Results: Adults with established HFrEF, New York Heart Association functional class (NYHA) ≥ II, EF ≤35%, elevated natriuretic peptides and either current hospitalization for HF or history of hospitalization/ emergency department visit for HF within a year were randomized to either placebo or omecamtiv mecarbil (pharmacokinetic‐guided dosing: 25, 37.5 or 50 mg bid). 8256 patients [male (79%), non‐white (22%), mean age 65 years] were enrolled with a mean EF 27%, ischemic etiology in 54%, NYHA II 53% and III/IV 47%, and median NT‐proBNP 1971 pg/mL. HF therapies at baseline were among the most effectively employed in contemporary HF trials. GALACTIC‐HF randomized patients representative of recent HF registries and trials with substantial numbers of patients also having characteristics understudied in previous trials including more from North America (n = 1386), enrolled as inpatients (n = 2084), systolic blood pressure < 100 mmHg (n = 1127), estimated glomerular filtration rate < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 (n = 528), and treated with sacubitril‐valsartan at baseline (n = 1594). Conclusions: GALACTIC‐HF enrolled a well‐treated, high‐risk population from both inpatient and outpatient settings, which will provide a definitive evaluation of the efficacy and safety of this novel therapy, as well as informing its potential future implementation

Analysis of the methodological going near the estimation of the financial state of enterprise Анализ методологических подходов к оценке финансового состояния предприятия

In the articles the analysis of the basic methodological going out near the estimation of the financial state of enterprise is carried. The requirement to organization of process of evaluation of the financial state of enterprises on the basis of approach of the systems are certain.<br>В статьи осуществлен анализ основных методологических подходов к оценке финансового состояния предприятия. Определены требования к организации процесса оценивания финансового состояния предприятий на основе системного подхода

Neuron-like dynamics of a phase-locked loop

Dynamics of two coupled phase-controlled generators based on phase-locked loop systems with a high frequency filter in the control loop was studied. It was found that beating modes are synchronized in the systems and shown that different synchronization states form an overlapping structure in parameters space of the coupled systems. Usage of the phase-locked loop as a neuron-like element is proposed

Current methods for determining the stability of the enterprise Современные методы определения устойчивости предприятия

This article reviews current methods for evaluating the stability of the company, which can be used for strategic management of its development.В статье рассматриваются современные методы оценки устойчивости предприятия, которые могут быть применены для стратегического управления его развитием

Ecological and physiological parameters of Myotis dasycneme (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in the Urals

Understanding the evolution of bat homeostasis and the formation of an adaptive strategy of animals to climatic fluctuations and pathogens determine the need for further laboratory and modelling studies devoted to the ecology and physiology of bats. This study was aimed to assess the hematological and biochemical parameters of homeostasis of Myotis dasycneme, a protected endemic bat species of the Urals. Animals (n = 65) were caught in the zone of mass habitation of bats in the Southern Urals (Chelyabinsk Region) and the Middle Urals (Sverdlovsk Region). We used samples from M. dasycneme populations in the Ilmensky State Nature Reserve (Russia). Multivariate non-parametric analysis of variance has shown no significant sex differences in red blood parameters in bats (p > 0.05). The blood of bats was characterised by high levels of hemoglobin (167.9–187.2 g/L), hematocrit (47.2–51.5%), erythrocytes (9.6–11.5 × 1012/L), platelets (136.8–271.3 × 109/L). In the autumn-winter period of hibernation, under hypoxic load on the body and prolonged exposure to low positive and near-zero temperatures, an increased content of agranulocytes (50.6–53.6%) was noted in the blood of females and males. The spring process of awakening and exit from deep hypothermia is accompanied by the reactivity of the innate immune system in males and females (granulocytes: 53.2–54.2%). During the winter period of hypobiosis in bats, the basal metabolism increases and the concentration of glucose in the blood increases to 4.7 ± 0.5 mmol/L (p 0.05) in the blood plasma of animals has been noted. This ensures metabolic processes (carbohydrate and lipid metabolism) in all seasonal periods of their annual life cycle. The amino acid fund of blood plasma of bats is represented by 22 amino acids. In the blood plasma of males and females, the fund of free amino acids decreases during the year in the following direction: summer ≥ autumn ≥ winter > spring (p 0.05) in the content of amino acid metabolic groups, namely glycogenic (GGAA), non-essential (NEAA), branched carbon chain (BCCA). A significant accumulation of metabolically active glucoplastic alanine in autumn (3.1 times) and winter (2.3 times) in the blood of females, and in autumn and winter (2.0 and 1.9 times) in males indicates its role as a low-temperature adaptogen. Under conditions of low positive temperatures, in the blood plasma of M. dasycneme, the disappearance of the essential amino acid tryptophan was observed (p < 0.05). This suggests a high demand for serotonin synthesis as one of triggers actively involved in maintaining hypothermia and hypometabolism in bats. Thus, the biochemical and immunohematological parameters, obtained in the course of the study, make it possible to expand and systematise the available information on the mechanisms of participation of the blood system in the regulatory processes in bats. They can be used for long-term monitoring in solving problems of conservation and abundance of healthy populations of bats that adapt both to seasonal modulations and biotic factors, and to stressors of zoonotic significance