Excesso de mortalidade segundo grupo de causas no primeiro ano de pandemia por Covid-19 no Brasil

The study estimated excess mortality by cause of death in Brazil and states in 2020. We estimated standardized mortality ratios considering expected deaths by the estimated trend for the previous 5 years. We observed a 19% excess in deaths in 2020 (SMR= 1.19; 95% CI= 1.18-1.20). There are differences by cause groups, highlighting infectious diseases, mental disorders, chronic cardiovascular/metabolic conditions, and external causes, in addition to ill-defined causes. There is enormous heterogeneity among Brazilian states. The excess of deaths is the result of both Covid-19 and the social response and management of the health system.O estudo estimou o excesso de mortalidade segundo causa de óbito no Brasil e estados em 2020. Estimamos as razões de mortalidade padronizada considerando os óbitos esperados pela tendência estimada para os 5 anos anteriores. Observamos um excesso de 19% nos óbitos em 2020 (SMR= 1,19; IC= 1,18- 1,20). Há diferenças por grupos de causa, destacando as doenças infeciosas, transtornos mentais, condições crônicas cardiovasculares/metabólicas e causas externas, além de causas mal definidas. Há enorme heterogeneidade entre os estados brasileiros. O excesso de óbitos é resultado tanto da Covid-19 quanto da resposta social e gestão do sistema de saúde

Vigilância civil em saúde, estudos de população e participação popular

Many barriers impede the defense of health equity, especially those that hinder social participation in health. In the mid-1990s, Victor Valla proposed incorporating the population's participation into health surveillance through Paulo Freire's popular education. This counterpoint to traditional surveillance practices, then called civil health surveillance, is added to the expanded concept of health, and has a strong connection with the critical perspective of epidemiology to understand the dialectical relationship between social classes and their lived spaces. The practice of civil surveillance aims to overcome essential gaps left by traditional methods of public health investigation. It includes a lack of attention to socio-cultural contexts, the construction of risk located only in the individual, and the representation of public health agendas that privilege and pathologize certain behaviors. In this sense, this paper discusses concept of civil health surveillance, the locus of discussion of population studies in the reification of the role of the contextual effect in explaining the social production of health and the incorporation of popular participation in health surveillance as an element of social transformation. The deepening of this discussion allows a participatory construction of new health models focused on the effective reduction of health inequities and, consequently, the effective universalization of the right to health.Muitas barreiras impedem a defesa da equidade na saúde, especialmente aquelas que dificultam a participação popular. Em meados dos anos 90, Victor Valla propõe a incorporação da participação da população à prática da vigilância em saúde, por meio da educação popular de Paulo Freire. Este contraponto às práticas tradicionais da vigilância, nomeadas vigilância civil da saúde, se somam à concepção ampliada de saúde, e possuem forte ligação com a perspectiva crítica da epidemiologia enquanto meio de compreender a relação dialética entre classes sociais e seus espaços vividos. A prática da vigilância civil pretende superar lacunas importantes deixadas pelos métodos tradicionais de investigação em saúde pública, como falta de atenção aos contextos socioculturais, a construção do risco localizada somente no indivíduo e a representação de agendas de saúde pública que privilegiam e patologizam certos comportamentos.  Neste sentido, o presente trabalho debate o conceito de vigilância civil da saúde, o locus de discussão dos estudos de população na reificação do papel do efeito contextual para a explicação da produção social da saúde e a incorporação da participação popular à vigilância em saúde como elemento de transformação social. O aprofundamento desta discussão, no limite, permite uma construção participativa de novos modelos de saúde focados na redução efetiva das iniquidades em saúde e, consequentemente, universalização efetiva do direito à saúde

EVOLUTION OF MORTALITY FOR COLORECTAL CANCER IN BRAZIL AND REGIONS, BY SEX, 1996-2015

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer is among the three most frequent neoplasms in Brazil, being a public health problem. OBJECTIVE: To describe distribution pattern of colorectal cancer mortality in Brazil and regions, according to sex, between 1996 and 2015. METHODS: Values of standardized and stratified mortality rates by sex between 1996 and 2015 were used, through polynomial regression models and joinpoint analysis. RESULTS: It was observed that, for linear trends in mortality rates, for both sexes, there is a statistically significant trend increasing in both models, with rates and trends, and higher for men than for women, respectively, 7.3% per year (R2=0.95, P<0.001) and 6.5% per year (R2=0.87, P<0.001). It is observed a difference in magnitude and behavior of trend between the regions. CONCLUSION: It is understood that it is important to know the trend of rates in order to define priority populations for early interventions that increase survival and reduce mortality

Social inequality, human development and fertility pattern in Brazil, 2000-2010

Abstract Objectives: to analyze the fertility pattern in Brazil and its relationship with human development in the Brazilian federation units in 2000 and 2010. Methods: this is an ecological study whose unit of analysis was the Brazilian Federative Units in the period of 2000 and 2010. The fertility was assessed considering the social (HDI), inequality, (Gini, Theil and Income Ratio) and fertility indicators (fertility rate and mean age of fertility). Results: Brazil has been experiencing a rapid fertility transition. The pattern of fertility curves changed in all Federative Units between 2000 and 2010, with a reduction in cusp size and postponement of fecundity. This change was more evident among the Federative Units with better development and lower inequality. The correlation between social and fertility indicators lost strength in the period, corroborating the transition hypothesis. Conclusions: there is a direct relation between the fecundity and inequality indicators, and inversing human development. Changes should be taken in consideration in the age structure of the population, as well as inequality indicators, for better planning in public policies for public health

Factors associated to the type of childbirth in public and private hospitals in Brazil

Abstract Objectives: to estimate the prevalence of cesarean sections and factors associated to the type of childbirth in Brazil. Methods: data on childbirths were collected in Brazil in 2014. Demographic characteristics, related to pregnancy and birth hospital regime (public or private) were evaluation. For each hypothesis raised, the variables were modeled by the binary logistic regression, which the outcome was considered in the type of childbirth. Results: the prevalence of the cesarean sections in Brazil in 2014 was 52.8%; that is 38.1% at public hospitals and 92.8% at private ones. The association between cesarean section and the legal regime at the hospital was highlighted in the logistic model which presented a positive association and interaction between age groups (OR = 23.26; 95% CI= 13.39 - 41.79 for women between 20 and 24 years old and OR = 51.04; 95% CI 31.06 - 84.23 for women aged 35 and over). Conclusions: the performance of childbirth in Brazil meets the routines and recommendations regarding women's health and humanized childbirth established by the Brazilian National Health System policies