Effects of polysaccharides (AP) treatment (given subcutaneously once daily) on white blood cell (WBC) number in cyclophosphamide (CY)-treated mice

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Polysaccharides from the root of protect bone marrow and gastrointestinal tissues against the cytotoxicity of cyclophosphamide in mice"</p><p>International Journal of Medical Sciences 2006;3(1):1-6.</p><p>Published online 1 Jan 2006</p><p>PMCID:PMC1332197.</p><p>© Ivyspring International Publisher. This is an open access article. Reproduction is permitted for personal and noncommerical use, provided that the article is in whole, unmodified, and properly cited.</p> CY was given subcutaneously (200 mg/kg) at day 0 and day 7 and AP was also injected subcutaneously once daily during the 14-day experimental period. Nor: Normal untreated group; NS: normal saline plus CY-treated group; AP5: AP 5 mg/kg plus CY-treated group, AP10: AP 10 mg/kg plus CY-treated group, AP25: AP 25 mg/kg plus CY-treated group, respectively.

Effects of polysaccharides (AP) treatment (given subcutaneously once daily) on the blood vessel count in (A) gastric and (B) intestinal mucosae in cyclophosphamide (CY given subcutaneously 200 mg/kg)-treated mice

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Polysaccharides from the root of protect bone marrow and gastrointestinal tissues against the cytotoxicity of cyclophosphamide in mice"</p><p>International Journal of Medical Sciences 2006;3(1):1-6.</p><p>Published online 1 Jan 2006</p><p>PMCID:PMC1332197.</p><p>© Ivyspring International Publisher. This is an open access article. Reproduction is permitted for personal and noncommerical use, provided that the article is in whole, unmodified, and properly cited.</p> Nor: Normal untreated group. NS: normal saline plus CY-treated group. AP5: AP 5 mg/kg plus CY-treated group, AP10: AP 10 mg/kg plus CY-treated group, AP25: AP 25 mg/kg plus CY-treated group, respectively. *P< 0.05, compared to Nor. P< 0.05 compared to the N

Increased percentage of SLC19A3 DNA methylation in primary breast cancer tissues.

<p>Percentage of SLC19A3 promoter methylation between tumor tissues and their paired adjacent non-tumor breast tissues from the 15 breast cancer patients by MS-qPCR. Percentage of methylation in tissue samples was calculated by the following equation: % meth = 100/[1+2^{ΔCt(meth-unmeth)}]%. ΔCt_{(meth-unmeth)} was calculated by subtracting the Ct values of methylated SLC19A3 signal from the Ct values of umnethylated SLC19A3 signal. Statistical difference was analyzed by Wilcoxon test, <i>P</i><0.005.</p

SLC19A3 is frequently down-regulated through promoter hypermethylation in breast cancer.

<p>(A) Fold change relationship between SLC19A3 mRNA expression and methylation percentage in those 15 breast cancer patients (mean ± SD). (B) Correlation analysis of the fold changes between SLC19A3 mRNA expression and methylation percentage (Spearman rank correlation, R² = −0.77, <i>P</i><0.0005).</p

Patient characteristics.

<p>*DCIS, Ductal carcinoma in situ.</p

Down-regulated SLC19A3 gene expression in primary breast cancer tissues.

<p>Relative SLC19A3 mRNA expression between tumor tissues and their paired adjacent non-tumor breast from breast cancer patients (n = 15) by real-time qPCR. Expression of SLC19A3 mRNA (Log₁₀ scale at Y-axis) was normalized to GAPDH. The lines inside the boxes denote the medians. The boxes mark the interval between the 25^th and 75^th percentiles. The whiskers denote the interval between the 10^th and 90^th percentiles. Statistical difference was analyzed by Wilcoxon test, <i>P</i><0.005.</p

Quantitative analysis of plasma methylated SLC19A3 DNA on a group (n = 165) of plasma samples by MSRED-qPCR.

<p>Scatter plots of plasma levels of methylated SLC19A3 DNA in 60 healthy normal subjects, 45 gastric cancer (GC) and 60 breast cancer (BC) patients. Plasma level of methylated SLC19A3 DNA is expressed as 2^{ΔCt(undigest-digest)}. ΔCt_{(undigest-digest)} is calculated by subtracting the Ct values of digested plasma DNA from the Ct values of undigested plasma DNA. Since Ct of undigest should be ≤Ct of digest, the expression level is ranging from 1 to 0. The horizontal black lines denote the means. The blue errors bars denote the ± standard deviations (SD). Statistically significant differences were determined using Mann-Whitney <i>U</i> tests, <i>P</i><0.0001.</p

Plasma methylated SLC19A3 DNA levels across tumor stages from both Phase I and II validation.

<p>(A) Box plot of plasma methylated SLC19A3 DNA level in 80 NC, 27 ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) plus 71 BC patients across various TNM stages. (B) Box plot of plasma methylated SLC19A3 DNA level in 80 NC and 65 GC patients across various TNM stages. The box represents the interquartile range and the line across the box indicates the median value. Relative plasma level of methylated SLC19A3 DNA is expressed as 2^{−ΔCt(Dig-Undig)}. ΔCt_(Dig-Undig) is calculated by subtracting the Ct values of digested plasma DNA from the Ct values of undigested plasma DNA. Statistically significant differences were determined using Mann-Whitney tests.</p

The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve for plasma methylated SLC19A3 DNA in the Phase II blinded validation (n = 78).

<p>(A) Area under curve (AUC) value was 89%. At cutoff value of 0.41, sensitivity was 87% and specificity was 85% in discriminating 39 breast cancer patients from 20 control subjects. (B) Area under curve (AUC) value was 82%. At cutoff value of 0.41, sensitivity was 85% and specificity was 85% in discriminating 20 gastric cancer patients from 20 control subjects.</p

Patient characteristics.

<p>BC: breast cancer; CRC: colorectal cancer; EC: esophagus cancer; GC: gastric cancer; LC: lung cancer; HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma.</p