5 research outputs found

    Kohandatava võitja (Adjusted Winner) protseduuri kasutamise võimalused rahvusvaheliste konfliktide lahendamisel Küprose näitel

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    Küprose konflikti taolised pikaajalised juhitamatud konfliktid on, ka külmutatult, oluliseks regionaalse ja rahvusvahelise ebastabiilsuse allikaks. Seetõttu jätkataksegi sellistel juhtudel lahenduste otsimist isegi juhul, kui vahendamis- ja lepitamiskatsed on eelnevalt korduvalt läbi kukkunud ning kõik märgid viitavad sellele, et osapooled ei ole lahenduse leidmisest tõsiselt huvitatud. Traditsiooniliste konfliktilahendusmeetodite ebaõnnestumine on ajendiks alternatiivsete ja uuenduslike võimaluste otsimiseks konfliktide lahendamiseks. Üheks võimalikuks variandiks on mänguteoreetilised mudelid, millest ühele käesolevas töös ka keskendutakse. Kohandatava võitja protseduur tagab selle loojate sõnul lahenduse, mis on õiglane, kadedusvaba ning on ka niinimetatud „win-win“ lahendus. Seejuures on protseduur nende hinnangul piisavalt lihtne, et seda võiks ka reaalsetel läbirääkimistel rakendada. Protseduuri omaduste atraktiivsusele vaatamata ei ole seda seni teadaolevalt siiski reaalses vahendustegevuses kasutatud, kõik senised rakendused on olnud hüpoteetilised. Käesolev töö jätkab kohandatava võitja protseduuri teemaliste hüpoteetiliste rakendustega. Selle töö eesmärk on uurida, kuidas selline protseduur võib panustada pikaajalise siseriikliku konflikti lahendamisesse, testides protseduuri rakendamisega reale vaidlusküsimustele Küprose konflikti võimalikke lahendusi. Analüüsi tulemusel selgus, et kohandatava võitja protseduur on sobilik ka siseriiklike konfliktide lahendamiseks, kuigi pikaajaliste konfliktide puhul on oht, et osapoolte ametlike seisukohtade jäikuse tõttu ei ole protseduuriga võimalik leida piisavalt uuenduslikke lahendusi. Küprose konflikti puhul, kus läbirääkimiste üldine raamistik on aastakümnete jooksul muutumatuna püsinud, vastavad ka AW protseduuriga leitud lahendused juba varem välja pakututele, demonstreerides ühelt poolt rahvusvaheliste vahendamiskatsete käigus välja töötatud plaanide optimaalsust, tõestades teisalt, et tõeline lahendus jääb pigem siiski osalejate poliitilise tahte kui lahenduste sobimatuse taha.http://www.ester.ee/record=b4412180~S77*es

    Why the International Community Should Be More Accommodating to De Facto States

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    De facto states are notorious for their pariah status, constant security deficit, and embryonic institutions, producing the perception that they are states-in-the-making perpetually striving for sheer survival. Their reliance on a patron is considered proof that they would not be viable states and thus are incapable of having independent agency. Without the freedom of choice, these entities lack deliberate will for action, and without capacity to do, they can hardly be in a position of exerting power. A focus on agency allows us to ask how far and in what ways these unrecognized entities have been able to act in the international system. We demonstrate that, despite their limited capacity, de facto states do display some agency, and that their foreign policy choices are sometimes not remarkably different from recognized small states or micro-states. Even imperfect agency may bring relief for local policymakers who are supposed to alleviate anarchy and chaos in their daily practices. The international community, we argue, should thus be more accommodating to de facto states; if their agency is continuously denied, they will be both increasingly reliant on their patron and separated from the international community

    The Do-or-Die Dilemma Facing Post-Soviet De Facto States

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    This memo discusses the “do or die” dilemma of post-Soviet de facto states. Our examination looks in to patron-client relations that are highly unequal and asymmetric in terms of resources and capabilities: Russia vis-à-vis Abkhazia, South Ossetia, and Transnistria, and Armenia vis-à-vis Nagorno-Karabakh. While relying entirely on a militarily and economically resourceful external patron is often seen as the only viable option, de facto states may be risking the loss of their “independence.” Hence their “do or die” dilemma that structures many of their policies

    Quest for Survival and Recognition: Insights into the Foreign Policy Endeavours of the Post-Soviet de facto States.

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    There is lack of proper accounts of the foreign policy practices of de facto state authorities. There is no common understanding for whether de facto states have their own agency, or if these fledgling states are used as pawns within the context of wider strategic manoeuvring. This work proceeds from the assumption that de facto states are ‘states’ which, above all, seek to secure their physical survival, as well as to gain the status of legal subjectivity. For de facto states that depend on the effects of ‘smallness’; patron–client relations; and the opportunities provided by the engagement without recognition policy framework, this should ideally be the backbone of their foreign policy strategies. This comparative study on post-Soviet de facto states reveals that there are more opportunities to conduct an independent foreign policy than de facto states are able and willing to utilize. Once these entities have ensured their survival, this study demonstrates that the next steps towards gaining additional recognition might be perceived as no longer necessary
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