5 research outputs found

    Anatomical considerations relevant to implant procedures in the mandible

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    The authors review anatomical facts significant for preoperative planning of implant procedures in the mandible. This planning includes the precise evaluation of distinct anatomical factors, such as the position of the mandibular canal, the width of the mandibular cortical plates and the degree of involutive changes of the inferior dental artery.The mandibular canal is usually situated centrally in the mandibular corpus, slightly closer to the lingual cortex in its distal parts; towards the front, it approaches the vestibular cortical layer. Mesially from the mental foramen, a clearly defined incisive canal is present in only one third of the edentate mandibles.Mandibular corpus of the edentate mandibles consists of cancellous bone enclosed by a shell of compact cortical bone. Cortical layers demonstrate significant variations in width; nervertheless, the widths of lateral cortical layers, generally, enable safe placement of endosseal implants.Finally, in patient’s preoperative assessment, involutive changes of the inferior dental artery should also be considered. During the involution of the mandibular alveolar process, it shows changes of direction and calibre, changes in arborization and, sometimes, complete occlusion of the main trunk. The degree of these involutive changes points out the mandibular vascular supply and the regenerative capacity of the tissues needed for the success of the implant procedure.Les auteurs passent en revue les faits anatomiques importants qu’il convient d’avoir Ă  l’esprit en Ă©tablissant le programme prĂ©opĂ©ratoire pour la mise en place d’implants dans la mandibule.Ce programme inclut l’évaluation prĂ©cise des diffĂ©rents facteurs anatomiques tels que la position du canal mandibulaire, la largeur de la corticale mandibulaire et le degrĂ© des changements involutifs de l’artĂšre dentaire infĂ©rieure.Le canal mandibulaire est habituellement situĂ© au centre du corps mandibulaire, trĂšs proche du cortex ventral dans ses portions distales; vers l’avant» il s’approche de la corticale vestibulaire. MĂ©sialement par rapport au foramen mentonnier, un canal incisif bien dĂ©fini est prĂ©sent uniquement dans seulement un tiers des mandibules Ă©dentĂ©es.Le corps mandibulaire des mandibules Ă©dentĂ©es consiste en un os rĂ©duit entourĂ© par un os cortical de type compact. Les couches corticales dĂ©montrent des variations de largeur significatives; nĂ©anmoins, les largeurs des couches corticales latĂ©rales, permettent gĂ©nĂ©ralement le placement d’implants endo-osseux en toute sĂ©curitĂ©.Enfin, au cours de l’établissement du programme prĂ©opĂ©ratoire du patient, les changements involutifs de l’artĂšre dentaire infĂ©rieure devraient Ă©galement ĂȘtre prises en considĂ©ration. Au cours de l’involution du processus alvĂ©olaire de la mandibule, cette artĂšre montre des changements de direction et de calibre, des changements de l’arborisation et quelquefois, une complĂšte oblitĂ©ration de son tronc principal. L’importance de ces changements involutifs, met l’accent sur la supplĂ©ance vasculaire de la mandibule et la capacitĂ© rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©rative des tissus nĂ©cessaires pour le succĂšs de la mise en place des implants

    Morphometric analysis of mandibular canal: clinical aspects

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    Results of morphometric analysis of the mandibular canal (MC), carried out on 105 conserved mandibles, 70 being dentate and 35 edentate, was performed. The analysis was carried out on consecutive sections, at mutual intervals of 0.5 cm. In the mandibular ramus sections were carried out obliquely, approximately in the frontal plane, and horizontally, from mandibular foramen to the lowest region of the vertical part of the MC (all together two sections). In the mandibular corpus, consecutive transversal sections were carried out between existing teeth, or at mutual intervals of 0.5 cm in edentate regions.The obtained results pointed out the very close relationship between the MC and lingual cortical plate of the mandibular ramus. In its horizontal part, the average diameter of the MC was 2.6 mm. It was situated more lingually in the molar region; towards the front, it approached the vestibular cortical plate, being closest to it in the region of the second premolar. Similar relationships of the MC and both cortical plates existed in edentate jaws. Relationships of the MC and tooth root apices varied; however, the MC was closest to the apices of the third molar. Mesially from the mental foramen, a clearly defined incisive canal was present in 92% of the dentale mandibles, but only in 31% of the edentate ones. The nearest to the incisive canal was the apex of the first premolar.The authors point out the importance of presented results in everyday practice, especially in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Having in mind the existing relationship between the MC and neighbouring structures, it is possible to avoid the injury of its content during several oral surgical procedures in mandibular ramus and corpus.L’analyse morphomĂ©trique du canal mandibulaire (CM) a Ă©tĂ© faite sur 105 mandibules conservĂ©es. Parmices mandibules, 70 Ă©taient partiellement Ă©dentĂ©es et 35 totalement Ă©dentĂ©es. Les distances du CM de la couche compacte osseuse de la mandibule et des apex des racines dentaires ont Ă©tĂ© mesurĂ©es sur les coupes successives pratiquĂ©es Ă  une distance de 0,5 cm. Dans la rĂ©gion de la branche montante mandibulaire les coupes successives ont Ă©tĂ© pratiquĂ©es suivant le plan horizontal, de l'orifice postĂ©rieur du canal mandibulaire Ă  la terminaison de la partie verticale du CM. La rĂ©gion du corps mandibulaire a Ă©tĂ© traitĂ©e par des coupes verticales. Ces sections ont Ă©tĂ© faites successivement Ă  travers l’espace entre chaque deux dents ou Ă  une distance de 0,5 cm dans les rĂ©gions Ă©dentĂ©es.Les rĂ©sultats obtenus montrent que le CM se dirige obliquement de haut en bas et en avant, trĂšs proche de la lame osseuse linguale. Dans la partie horizontale son diamĂštre est de 2,6 mm en moyenne. Dans la rĂ©gion des dents molaires le CM est trĂšs proche de la lame osseuse linguale; en cheminant en avant, le CM s’approche de la lame osseuse buccale dont il est le plus proche dans la rĂ©gion de la P2. Dans les mandibules Ă©dentĂ©es, le CM a des rapports semblables.La distance du CM des apex des racines dentaires est variable, pourtant il est le plus proche des apex des racines de la M3. MĂ©sialement du trou mentonnier, le canal incisif Ă©tait clairement individualisĂ© dans 92% des mandibules avec la denture conservĂ©e, et dans 31% des mandibules Ă©dentĂ©es. La premiĂšre prĂ©molaire Ă©tait la plus proche du canal incisif.Les auteurs montrent l’importance des rĂ©sultats prĂ©sentĂ©s pour la stomatologie clinique, surtout pour la chirurgie orale et maxillofaciale. Compte tenu des rapports du CM avec les structures voisines on peut Ă©viter des lĂ©sions de son contenu au cours de certaines interventions chirurgicales sur la branche montante et sur le corps de la mandibule

    La structure osseuse de la branche montante de la mandibule

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    Osseous structure of the ramus of mandible (RM) is of a practical clinical significance. Osteosynthesis of fractured segments and the success of the sagittal or the horizontal ramus split osteotomy depends on the cortical bone disposition and thickness.After morphometric investigations of the RM, conducted on 70 mandibles of adults, consecutive horizontal and frontal sections were made. On these sections, the cortical layer was studied and the cortical bone thickness was measured at four previously marked points.In the regard of morphometry, the significant datum is that nearly half of all the cases is grouped round the mean value of any parameter.Cortical bone is continuous and its two main sheets are the buccal and the lingual cortical plates. In its entirety, the buccal cortical plate is thicker than the lingual. The thickness of both cortical plates increases in the direction from the coronoid process to the angle of mandible.L’ostĂ©osynthĂšse de la branche montante de la mandibule et le succĂšs de l’ostĂ©otomie sagittale ou horizontale de cette branche dĂ©pendent de la disposition et de l’épaisseur de sa couche osseuse compacte. Les examens morphomĂ©triques qui ont Ă©tĂ© faits sur 70 mandibules des sujets adultes montrent que presque la moitiĂ© de tous les cas se groupent autour de la valeur moyenne des paramĂštres mesurĂ©s (schĂ©ma 1 et tableau I).Sur les coupes horizontales et frontales, l’épaisseur des lames compactes buccale et linguale a Ă©tĂ© mesurĂ©e dans certains points prĂ©dĂ©terminĂ©s et il a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tabli que la lame buccale est toujours plus Ă©paisse (schĂ©ma 2 et tableau II)

    Anthropogenic Pressures on Watercourses of the Danube River Basin in Montenegro

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    The surface area of Montenegro’s portion of the Black Sea drainage basin is 7075 km2, or 0.9% of the entire basin, and is made up of the rivers Tara, Piva, Lim, Ćehotina and Ibar, and Lake Plav. The major polluters of watercourses are wastewaters and solid waste from inhabited settlements. According to water categorization regulations, the rivers of the Danube Basin in Montenegro are, based on the status quo, classified into four quality classes. Thus, the mid- and lower courses of the larger rivers fall within quality classes II and III. The water quality of the Lim, downstream of Berane, worsens at its exit from Montenegro and falls into quality class III. The Ibar profile downstream of Bać is largely out of a prescribed class. The Ćehotina downstream of Pljevlja is in water quality class III, and occasionally out of a prescribed class. The Tara belongs to the Durmitor National Park, but its water quality is class I only at its most upstream profile; its profiles downstream of Kolaơin are from class II to class III. These findings are confirmed by analyses of their aquatic macroinvertebrate communities, i.e. Oligochaeta, as bioindicators of water quality. The ichthyofauna of the Danube Basin rivers in Montenegro comprises 20 fish species. Hydromorphological alterations of watercourses, such as dam construction, have a significant effect on fish populations. Thus, the dam on the Piva river has a negative effect on the fish population, presenting a barrier to migration routes, as is the case with huchen or Danube salmon (Hucho hucho)
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