Argument schemes for two-phase democratic deliberation

A formal two-phase model of democratic policy deliberation is presented, in which in the first phase sufficient and necessary criteria for proposals to be accepted are determined (the ‘acceptable’ criteria) and in the second phase proposals are made and evaluated in light of the acceptable criteria resulting from the first phase. Such a separation gives the discussion a clear structure and prevents time and resources from being wasted on evaluating arguments for proposals based on unacceptable criteria. Argument schemes for both phases are defined and formalised in a logical framework for structured argumentation. The process of deliberation is abstracted from and it is assumed that both deliberation phases result in a set of arguments and attack and defeat relations between them. The acceptability status of criteria and proposals within the resulting argumentation framework is then evaluated using preferred semantics. For cases where preferences are required to choose between proposals, inference rules for deriving preferences between sets from an ordering of their elements are given.MediamaticsElectrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Scienc

GPS plaatsbepaling op zee

Deze afstudeerscriptie behandelt de plaatsbepaling met behulp van NAVSTAR GPS (NAVigation Satellite And Ranging Global Positioning System) ten behoeve van navigatie. Doel van dit af studeren was het bestuderen van GPS en het schrijven van een programma, dat een real time gefilterde positie kan berekenen. Het programma is gebaseerd op het plaatsbepalings programma van Cees de Jong [27] , geschreven in HP BASIC. Alle programma's zijn ontwikkeld op de HP 217 computerCivil Engineering and Geoscience

Modelling of injection processes in ladle metallurgy

Ladle metallurgical processes constitute a portion of the total production chain of steel from iron ore. With these batch processes, the hot metal or steel transfer ladle is being used as a reactor vessel and a reagent is often injected in order to bring the composition of the hot metal or steel to the specification of the final product. To control and further improve these processes, often use is made of models that predict the course of the processes. Models derived from first principles of mass and energy transport have the advantage over empirical descriptions that predictions outside the established window of operation can be made. The establishment of such a model, however, requires deeper knowledge of the underlying thermo-chemical processes. The purpose of this work is to provide a uniform method for the development of a model of injection processes in the ladle metallurgy. This will give direction to the development of new models, and will clarify blind spots in the existing knowledge for which further research is required. It is chosen to study two ladle treatments and to develop a reactor model of these, namely the desulphurisation of hot metal by the injection of magnesium and lime, and the modification of inclusions in aluminium killed steel by the injection of calcium.The hot metal desulphurisation has been studied by microscopic analysis of hot metal samples taken during different heats. The top layer of the bath, where the hot metal is in contact with the slag layer, has also been studied. From these analyses, it follows that during the injection of magnesium, magnesium sulphide particles are formed which continue to be present for some time in the hot metal, grow and later on rise out of the bath. This corresponds to the mechanism as has been proposed by G. Irons and R. Guthrie, based on their experiments on a laboratory scale. Due to the differences in scale, however, the accumulation of magnesium sulphide particles in the hot metal plays a significant role in the explanation of sulphur levels observed in the industrial desulphurisation process. The measurements furthermore show that the rise of the particles to the slag layer is partially obstructed by graphite and Ti (C, N) particles that accumulate in the colder surface layer of the hot metal. This creates a layer with a high concentration of MgS-particles that remain unnoticed but can lead to undesirable sulphur pick up in the converter process. It also appears that the MgS particles that rise to the slag layer react with co-injected lime to form MgO and CaS. In order to prevent sulphur reversal by oxidation of MgS in the ambient air, lime should always be injected in a slight excess. During the injection process, iron droplets are thrown up from the spout area. These droplets slowly sink through the slag layer and do not make it back to the hot metal before the end of the injection process. Based on this it can be explained how the hot metal loss depends on the amount of injected magnesium, the hot metal temperature, and the hot metal titanium content. Because these droplets are entrained with the sulphide containing slag during deslagging, this presents a major cost in the form of loss of hot metal.Based on these findings, a reactor model of the hot metal desulphurisation has been developed The mixing in the hot metal bath has been described as an ideally mixed tank reactor, wherein the residence time of injected magnesium and lime has been described by a generic model of the bubble plume. An important aspect of the model is that the total sulphur content is formed by the sulphur that is dissolved in the hot metal and the sulphur which is bound in the MgS particles suspended in the hot metal. The specific surface area of the MgS particles is derived from the microscopic observations and the flotation of the MgS particles is described by a first order rate equation. The predicted development of the concentrations of magnesium and sulphur during the duration of the injection is in good agreement with the measurements which have been made with two treatments.The calcium treatment of aluminium killed steel has been extensively studied by W. Tiekink. Based on the measurements carried out by him on laboratory and industrial scale, the steel bath in the ladle is divided into two reaction zones: a zone plume in which the steel is saturated with calcium and a bulk zone in which initially no calcium is present. In the plume zone CaO and CaS are deposited on the Al2O3 particles. Induced by the bubble plume resulting from the calcium injection, a circulating current flows between these zones. Each zone is modelled by a continuously stirred, ideally mixed tank reactor (CISTR). Carried along with this circulating current, the particles are alternately exposed to high and low levels of calcium activity which ultimately results in a variation in size and composition of the particles. This is modelled by taking a population balance of the particles for each zone containing terms for convection and growth by deposition of CaO and CaS. The results of the model are consistent with the observations when it is assumed that the solubility of calcium in steel amounts to 1 ppm. There is a good prediction of particle sizes and composition, but the CaS content of the particles is slightly overestimated by the model. This is explained by the pick up of oxygen at the surface of the steel which is not yet taken into account in the model.The final conclusion of this work is that the chemical conversion of the hot metal and steel during ladle metallurgical injection processes can be well modelled with a detailed description of nucleation, growth and rise of the product particles in conjunction with a relatively simple macroscopic description of the flow field in the ladle. This can best be achieved by providing a population balance of the product particles in which, to the extent appropriate, terms for nucleation, growth, convection and flotation are included. The flow field in the ladle then is modelled using three CISTR's coupled by circulating currents of liquid metal. These CISTR's represent the three zones that can be distinguished in a ladle stirred by a bubble plume; the plume zone, the recirculation zone and the stagnant zone above the bottom of the ladle.OLD Metals Processing, Microstructures and Properties(OLD) MSE-

Bereiding van kaliumnitraat volgens Southwest Potash

Document(en) uit de collectie Chemische ProcestechnologieDelftChemTechApplied Science

Zakkende bodem voor beheerkosten een belangrijke factor: Mogelijkheden voor aanpassen van de Beheerkosten Openbare Ruimte (CROW publicatie 145)

Bij de aanleg én voor het beheer en onderhoud van gemeentelijke infrastructuur is de ondergrond een belangrijke kostenbepalende factor. Voor wegen speelt de draagkracht en vervorming van de bodem hierbij een belangrijke rol. Bijvoorbeeld een weg op een zandondergrond heeft minder intensief onderhoud nodig en heeft een langere levensduur dan op een klei- en veenondergrond. De onderhoudskosten, uitgedrukt in Euro per m2 per jaar, zijn op een zandondergrond dan ook aanmerkelijk lager dan op klei en veen. Voor veel gemeenten met een veenondergrond is de situatie ten aanzien van het onderhoud onbeheersbaar. Door een hoge zettingssnelheid bereikt de drooglegging eerder dan de kwaliteit van de verharding het interventieniveau. Daardoor is niet de kwaliteit van de verharding maatgevend voor de rehabilitatie (ook wel reconstructie genoemd), maar de drooglegging. Het onderhoud wordt hierdoor veelal budgetgestuurd, zodat de kwaliteitslijn in de tijd een dalend verloop heeft. Uiteindelijk resulteert dit in een ‘pappen en nathouden’ aanpak. De onbeheersbare situatie heeft diverse oorzaken, zoals het ontbreken van specifieke technische kaders voor het maken van keuzes of het tekort aan onderhoudsbudget. Dit rapport maakt onderdeel uit van het project “Duurzame Onderhouds Strategie voor voorzieningen op slappe bodem” (verder: DOS). Doel van het DOS project is het leveren van technische know-how voor de afweging van onderhoudsmaatregelen op basis van kosten en maatschappelijke factoren. De technische kaders worden daarmee ingevuld

Bepalingen standaard wegconstructies t.b.v. afweegmodel DOS

In het kader van het DOS-onderzoek naar onderhoud van wegen op slappe bodem, wordt er een afweegmodel ontwikkeld om te kijken welke constructie het beste is bij het ophogen van wegen. Hierin wordt een afweging gemaakt tussen de volgende ophoogmaatregelen: - traditioneel ophogen met ‘zwaar’ materiaal; - ophogen met toepassing van lichtgewicht granulair ophoogmateriaal; - ophogen met EPS; - ophogen met schuimbeton; - zelfdragende constructies; - gewapende constructies op palen. Voor de zettingsberekeningen en het afweegmodel moeten wegconstructies worden bepaald voor wegen die voorkomen in woonwijken. In dit rapport zijn de uitgangspunten voor het bepalen van de wegconstructies vastgelegd en de wegconstructies bepaald. In hoofdstuk 2 van dit rapport is de werkwijze beschreven en in hoofdstuk 3 zijn de uitgangspunten beschreven. In hoofdstuk 4 zijn de standaard wegconstructies bepaald voor wegen met een asfaltverharding en wegen met een elementenverharding

De produktie van aceton uit isopropylalkohol m.b.v. katalytische dehydrogenering

Document(en) uit de collectie Chemische Procestechnologie.DelftChemTechApplied Science

Grasping Safely: Instruments for bowel manipulation investigated

Mechanical Maritime and Materials Engineerin

Scope states: Guarding safety of name resolution in parallel type checkers

Compilers that can type check compilation units in parallel can make more efficient use of multi-core architectures, which are nowadays widespread. Developing parallel type checker implementations is complicated by the need to handle concurrency and synchronization of parallel compilation units. Dependencies between compilation units are induced by name resolution, and a parallel type checker needs to ensure that units have defined all relevant names before other units do a lookup. Mutually recursive references and implicitly discovered dependencies between compilation units preclude determining a static compilation order for many programming languages. In this paper, we present a new framework for implementing hierarchical type checkers that provides implicit parallel execution in the presence of dynamic and mutual dependencies between compilation units. The resulting type checkers can be written without explicit handling of communication or synchronization between different compilation units. We achieve this by providing type checkers with an API for name resolution based on scope graphs, a language-independent formalism that supports a wide range of binding patterns. We introduce the notion of scope state to ensure safe name resolution. Scope state tracks the completeness of a scope, and is used to decide whether a scope graph query between compilation units must be delayed. Our framework is implemented in Java using the actor paradigm. We evaluated our approach by parallelizing the solver for Statix, a meta-language for type checkers based on scope graphs, using our framework. This parallelizes every Statix-based type checker, provided its specification follows a split declaration-type style. Benchmarks show that the approach results in speedups for the parallel Statix solver of up to 5.0x on 8 cores for real-world code bases.Programming Language

Modelonderzoek "Dikke Kop", golfonderzoek haven "Ras Lanuf"

Het is bekend dat de toepassing van een dikke kop aan een golfbreker met verticale wanden invloed heeft op de golfhoogteverdeling achter de golfbreker. Dit onderzoek is verricht om een methode te vinden om deze invloed te bepalen en tevens te verklaren. Nadat dit vooronderzoek is afgerond is er begonnen met een zo economisch mogelijk ontwerp van de haven van Ras Lanuf.Hydraulic EngineeringCivil Engineering and Geoscience