Plat closures of spherical braids in RP3\mathbb{R}P^3

We develop a method for costructing links in $\mathbb{R}P^3$ as plat closures of spherical braids. This method is a generalization of the concept of \say{plats} in $S^3$. We prove that any link in $\mathbb{R}P^3$ can be constructed in this manner. We also develop a set of moves on spherical braids in the same spirit as the classical Markov moves on braids and show that two spherical braids can have isotopic plat closures if and only if they are related by a finite sequence of these moves. We introduce the notion of a new kind of permutation (called \textit{residual permutation}) associated to a spherical braid in $\mathbb{R}P^3$ and prove that the number of disjoint cycles in this residual permutation of a spherical braid is same as the number of components of the plat closure link of this braid.Comment: 20 Pages, 22 Figures, preliminary versio

Geometry of knots in real projective 33-space

This paper discusses some geometric ideas associated with knots in real projective 3-space $\mathbb{R}P^3$. These ideas are borrowed from classical knot theory. Since Knots in $\mathbb{R}P^3$ are classified into three disjoint classes, - affine, class-$0$ non-affine and class-$1$ knots, it is natural to wonder in which class a given knot belongs to. In this paper we attempt to answer this question. We provide a structure theorem for these knots which helps in describing their behaviour near the projective plane at infinity. We propose a surgery operation on affine knots to produce several examples of knots. We later show that this operation can be extended on an arbitrary knot in $\mathbb{R}P^3$. We also define a notion of "genus" for knots in $\mathbb{R}P^3$ and compare its properties with the Seifert genus from classical knot theory. We prove that this genus detects knottedness in $\mathbb{R}P^3$ and gives some criteria for a knot to be affine and of class-$1$. We produce examples of class-$0$ non-affine knots with genus $1$. And finally we introduce a notion of companionship of knots in $\mathbb{R}P^3$ and using that we provide a geometric criteria for a knot to be affine. Thus we highlight that, $\mathbb{R}P^3$ admits a knot theory with a truly different flavour than that of $S^3$ or $\mathbb{R}^3$.Comment: 20 pages, 23 figure

VARIATION IN THE SIZE OF ABDOMINAL AORTA MEASURED ON COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY

Objective: The normal size of the abdominal aorta is expected to be <3 cm though the size changes with age as well as workload. There is a need to know the variation in size of the abdominal aorta to avoid the formation of aneurysm and further complications.Materials and Methods: This study was carried out at Kasturba Medical College after taking 130 patients considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria. 130 patients who all came for abdomen computed tomography (CT) were divided into 65 patients in each age group under 20–40 years and 40–80 years. The measurements of abdominal aorta were anteroposterior (AP) and right left (RL) measured at T12-L1 level on plain axial abdomen CT images on Extended Brilliance Workstation.Result: We observed that there was a statistical significant difference in the average AP diameter between the two age groups (p<0.001). Another finding was a statistical significant difference in the average RL diameter between the two age groups (p<0.001), and, hence the size of abdominal aorta varies with age.Conclusion: The proposed study concluded that there was variation in the size of abdominal aorta with age. These findings would be helpful in early detecting of aneurysm and in avoiding aortic dissection

Aligning Machine Learning for the Lambda Architecture

We live in the era of Big Data. Web logs, internet media, social networks and sensor devices are generating petabytes of data every day. Traditional data storage and analysis methodologies have become insufficient to handle the rapidly increasing amount of data. The development of complex machine learning techniques has led to the proliferation of advanced analytics solutions. This has led to a paradigm shift in the way we store, process and analyze data. The avalanche of data has led to the development of numerous platforms and solutions satisfying various business analytics needs. It becomes imperative for the business practitioners and consultants to choose the right solution which can provide the best performance and maximize the utilization of the data available. In this thesis, we develop and implement a Big Data architectural framework called the Lambda Architecture. It consists of three major components, namely batch data processing, realtime data processing and a reporting layer. We develop and implement analytics use cases using machine learning techniques for each of these layers. The objective is to build a system in which the data storage and processing platforms and the analytics frameworks can be integrated seamlessly

ESTIMATION OF ENTRANCE SURFACE RADIATION DOSE TO THYROID REGION IN COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY BRAIN EXAMINATION

Objective: The objective of this study was to estimate the entrance surface radiation dose to the thyroid region in a computed tomography (CT) brain scan.Methods: Unfors Multi-O-Meter equipment was used to measure the entrance surface at the thyroid region of adult patients ranging from 18 to 70 years of age. A total of 115 patients were included in the study based on convenience sampling. The Multi-O-Meter was kept at the thyroid region during the scan, and the values for entrance surface dose (ESD) were noted from its monitor after the scan was complete.Results: The obtained data were analyzed and violate normal distribution; therefore, the median and quartiles were computed. The overall median (Q1, Q2), ESD of the patients, was 1.335 (1.213, 1.529) mGy. The minimum and maximum dose values recorded were 1.015 mGy and 1.964 mGy, respectively.Conclusions: The result showed a significant amount of entrance surface radiation dose to the thyroid region while taking a brain scan. This data can be used for optimization of radiation protection while undergoing CT scans of brain to reduce exposure to thyroid region

Role of Rasayana in Netra Roga

Ayurveda is the most ancient medical science in the world and being the science of life, deals with every aspect of the life. The main aim of Ayurveda is the promotion of health and prevention of diseases. Rasayana Chikitsa is one of the eight branches of Ayurveda and the term Rasayana is derived from the root word Rasa and Ayana, which means Rasa Gamanam (transportation/ transformation of Rasa). It is the best means of keeping the Rasa and other Dhatus in excellent condition. Rasayana Chikitsa helps to achieve long life, better recollection, increased intellect, healthy body and mind, youth fullness, good complexion, good voice, abundance of body and sense organ strength, increased lusture. The main Rasayanas adopted in Netra Chikitsa are Naimitika Rasayana and Achara Rasayana. The appropriate use of Chakshushya and Rasayana Dravyas will help to maintain the health of the Netra and prevents age related eye disorders. This article presents various Rasayana Dravyas related to Netra Roga

Comparative analysis of the clinical, functional and radiological outcomes of proximal femoral nail alone verses proximal femoral nail along with lateral wall plating in management of unstable intertrochanteric femur fracture, AO/OTA, type 31A2 fractures with deficient lateral wall

Background: The objective of the study was to compare the effectiveness in terms of clinical, functional and radiological outcomes of management of unstable intertrochanteric femur fracture, AO/OTA type 31A2 intertrochanteric fractures with deficient lateral wall with proximal femoral nail (PFN) alone verses PFN along with lateral wall plating. Methods: In our study 52 patients with intertrochanteric femur fractures, AO/OTA type 31A2 which met the selection criteria were divided into two groups, group A (PFN) with lateral wall plating and group B (PFN) alone by randomization and were analysed prospectively with no significant difference in terms of gender, age, side of injury, cause of injury, and combined medical diseases. The intraoperative time and blood loss, time to full weight-bearing and radiological union, varus collapse, functional outcome and postoperative complications were recorded and compared. Results: Comparatively, no significant difference was observed between both groups for the time for full weight bearing. However significant difference was observed between both the groups for HHS at 9 months, neck shaft angle and time for radiological union (in weeks). Statistically significant difference was observed between both the groups for neck shaft angle and HHS at 9 months. The incidence of complications was 30.77% in group B. The incidence of complications was around 26.92% in group A; with no significant difference. At 9 months after operation, the Harris scores of pain, function, malunion, range of motion, and total score in group A were significantly better than those in group B. Conclusions: For unstable intertrochanteric femur fracture with incomplete lateral wall, the incidence of varus collapse after augmentation of PFN fixation with lateral wall plating was lower, the time for radiological union was earlier and functional outcome was better

Thermal and Mechanical Characteristics of Polymer Composites Based on Epoxy Resin, Aluminium Nanopowders and Boric Acid

The epoxy polymers are characterized by low thermal stability and high flammability. Nanoparticles are considered to be effective fillers of polymer composites for improving their thermal and functional properties. In this work, the epoxy composites were prepared using epoxy resin ED-20, polyethylene polyamine as a hardener, aluminum nanopowder and boric acid fine powder as flame-retardant filler. The thermal characteristics of the obtained samples were studied using thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The mechanical characteristics of epoxy composites were also studied. It was found that an addition of all fillers enhances the thermal stability and mechanical characteristics of the epoxy composites. The best thermal stability showed the epoxy composite filled with boric acid. The highest flexural properties showed the epoxy composite based on the combination of boric acid and aluminum nanopowder

Bioanalytical Method Development and Validation for the Estimation of Escitalopram Oxalate in Human Plasma by Using RP-HPLC Method

A simple, precise, accurate, rapid and sensitive reverse –phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography method for the estimation of Escitalopram oxalate in human plasma was developed and validated. Sample preparation was carried out using solid phase extraction (SPE) method. The separation of Escitalopram in biological fluid with the internal standard Tinidazole was achieved by Enable C18 column using 0.2% ortho phosphoric acid and acetonitrile in the ratio of 65:35%v/v as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0ml/min at ambient temperature. Detection was carried out at 240nm. The retention time of internal standard and Escitalopram was found to be 4.7 and 10.5 min respectively. The standard curve was linear (R2 >0.995) over the concentration range of 100-800 ng/ml. All the analytical validation parameters were determined as per ICH guidelines. The bioanalytical method developed was selective, robust and reliable as accuracy, precision, recovery and other validation parameters were within the limits as specified by the guidelines. The peaks obtained for the drug of interest and internal standard were well resolved from each other without any plasma interferences and the peaks were symmetrical in nature with acceptable tailing factor. The method can be very useful for the therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), in bioequivalence studies, for pharmacokinetics study and also in toxicology and biomedical investigations