Absorption mechanisms of soft pharmaceutical forms through the skin

Introduction. Ensuring optimal therapeutic action in a soft pharmaceutical form depends heavily on selecting the vehicle and penetration potentiators, substances that facilitate their penetration through the skin layers. Human skin functions as an efficient barrier and protector when in impact with the environment. In order for medicinal products to reach the deep layers of the epidermis and dermis or the systemic circulation, they must be penetrated in the first stage. Aim of the study. The study and the analysis of the factors that influence the absorption of topic medicamentary forms through the skin. Methods and materials. Bibliographic sources were analyzed using PubMed, Pharmatech, Pharmaceutical-technology and others. Results. Due to low permeability of the skin, only a small quantity of medicinal substances are truly absorbed, therefore only very active substances can have a general action after topic administration. The penetration of the medications in and through the skin can be realized in two ways:1. through pores – the walls of the hair follicles (transfollicular) and less through the sweat glands; 2. transepidermal – crossing epidermis. One of the factors that influence the penetration of medications administered topically is the excipient or its basis used in formulation of the medicinal product, thus influencing the bioavailability and the pharmacological actions of the pharmaceutical form. Since the skin is considered a lipid membrane, results that liposoluble substances can penetrate the skin. The absorption of fat is very reduced and the penetration is favored to liposoluble substances, stratum corneum can be capable to absorb amphiphilic substances that can get to vascularized zones of the skin. Hydrophilic medications can penetrate the skin only if hydration is produced to the skin. The hydration occurs after applying fat bases or hydrocarbons that prevent evaporation, but at the same time a rise of the temperature is produced and a skin maceration. At the basis of O/W type of emulsion the mechanism is different, because a fast water evaporation happens from the emulsive system, making the ointment layer to become porous and allow the water from the skin to evaporate. Hydrogels do not produce hydration, but if in the formula are humectants like glycerine, there is a risk of skin dehydration. In dermatological treatments it is intended for the medication to penetrate the skin, but does not get to blood flow, even though this fact cannot be controlled in all cases. Conclusion. A number of substances that increase medication absorption have been studied, which means temporary increase of skin’s permeability, nevertheless, there are some restrictions on using them due to skin irritation or toxicity

Evaluation of topical remedies in the treatment of acne available in the Republic of Moldova

Introduction. A lot of research and studies are currently being carried out in the field of elaboration and optimization of topical pharmaceutical forms used in the treatment of various types of acne. Acne vulgaris is a disease with a complex etiopathogenesis with potential negative psychosocial effects on the quality of life of patients, and its prevention is based on the successful management of risk factors. There are currently many topical and systemic treatment options available, so the choice of therapy depends on the form and severity of the condition. The advantage of topical pharmaceutical forms is the ability to target early stages of acne lesions. Material and methods. Statistical, systemic, informational and sociological analysis were used as methods of analysis. Documentation with the State Drug Nomenclature and Classification, evaluation of topical prescription for acne treatment, dispensed in the Vasile Procopisin University Pharmaceutical Center (UPhC), the study of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) and technological characteristics of topical pharmaceutical forms. Results. Topical treatment for acne should be based on its type and severity. The basic therapy for the treatment of mild acne refers to external applications, due to their action to prevent lesions. Treatment should be maintained over time to prevent recurrence. For domestic patients are accessible drugs with keratolytic, bacteriostatic and anti-inflammatory properties for topical treatments as benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, sulfur, azelaic acid, zinc oxide and antibiotic. The analysis of the use of anti-acne medications, in treating mild to moderate acne, by the age group, identified that for adolescents treatment is being focused on combating the causative agent of sebum production using salicylic acid in 32.5% cases and with age increase, the aim is to suppress inflammatory processes requiring retinoids, and in case of absence, can be substituted by benzoyl peroxide. Conclusions. The therapeutic approach in clinical practice must be done individually, considering the severity and shape of acne lesions

Principles of administration and monitoring of specific treatment of burns in pediatric patients

Department of Pharmacology and clinical pharmacy, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy of the Republic of MoldovaIntroduction. Burns in children are serious tissue damage with necrosis of skin, adipose tissue, muscles, tendons, nerves, blood vessels, bones, disturbances of homeostasis, with the development of acute multiorganic failure syndrome and septic complications. These circumstances require the development of measures for the prophylaxis and treatment of pathological disorders developed locally and in the organs’ system due to thermal trauma. Depending on the depth degree, we distinguish burns of I, II, III, IV degrees. The distribution of burns according to heat transfer mechanism and aggression type is: 72.8% - hot liquids; 14.2% - flame; 8.7% - incandescent objects; 3.6% - electrical; 0.7% - chemical, solar. According to the statistics of the Republican Clinic of Burns and Plastic Surgery, burns make up 5-6% of all acute pediatric traumas. Breakdown of burns by age: 0-3 years 48.6%; 3-7 years 22.4%; 7-15 years 29.0%. According to world statistics, burns constitute a very important issue due to their high frequency in the pediatric population of about 3.4-36%. Aim of the study. To elucidate the particularities of the development of burns in children and some correct contemporary principles in the administration and monitoring of specific treatment. Materials and methods. Analysis of data from the Clinic of Burns and Plastic Surgery during 2007-2017. Results. In the last 10 years, 5715 children with burns (0-3 years - 50.6%, 4-7 years - 24.4%, 8- 18 years - 25%) were treated in the Clinic of Burns and {Plastic} Surgery. Of which: 2844 (55.2%) – with superficial burns, 2871 (44.8%) – with deep burns and 645 children were hospitalized with combustion shock. Contemporary treatment of burns and post-combustion sequelae consists of: necrophasciotomies, amputations, joint amputations, early necrectomies, free skin plastics, plastics with pedicle flaps, plastics with remotely migrated flaps, tissue expansion, but also of drug application. Currently, early surgical treatment of deep burns has become an axiom because the combustion disease consequences depend directly on the skin restoration term. Conclusions. Acquired experience indicates that initiation of intensive treatment at the initial stage (appropriate thermal shock therapy, septic complications prevention, early surgical restoration of damaged skin) allows achieving positive results in aforementioned surgical pathology

The use of nanotechnologies in the formulation of dermatocosmetics

Department of Drug Technology, "Nicolae Testemitanu" SUMPh, Chisinau, Republic of MoldovaIntroduction. Nanotechnology in cosmetology offers an extraordinary opportunity for the future, being considered one of the most promising trends. Currently in the cosmetics industry, nano-sized ingredients are used, which offer better UV protection, a deeper penetration of the skin, production of long-lasting effects, etc. Purpose. Study of dermatocosmetics nanoformulations with hyaluronic acid. Material and methods. Analytical synthesis of the literature in the field of technology for the production and use of nanocosmetics. Results. Nano-formulations improve the stability of various cosmetic ingredients. By encapsulating them in nanoparticles increase the efficiency and stability of UV filters on the skin surface and the penetration of active ingredients into the epidermis. Hyaluronic acid is used in the form of nano-molecular sodium hyaluronate, which is better absorbed, and studies had shown that its injection into the inner layers of the skin forms a protective film that prevents water evaporation, moisturizes, regenerates cells and reduces wrinkles. Transferosomes have systems that reach the deepest layers of the skin, being effective in various skin applications. NP penetration (fig.1) is a highly controversial topic among the scientific community for at least two main reasons: 1) the toxicological implications of nanotechnology; 2) the need to disclose the role of nanomaterials as carriers for enhancing the penetration of the bioactive agent. Conclusion. Nanotechnology is applied in the field of dermatocosmetics and is currently considered the most advanced technology, by using nanoparticles with hyaluronic acid in the form of creams, nanoemulsions, transferosomes, serums, etc. The cosmetics industry shows great interest in nanotechnology applications, and the superior properties of nanomaterials encourage research and development of innovative products. Moreover, regulatory requirements in the field of cosmetics are much less demanding than in the pharmaceutical sector, which opens up many opportunities for nanocosmetics