Increased Plasma Ceruloplasmin Levels in Schizophrenia

Objective: Ceruloplasmin is a protein in the human serum that is synthesized by hepatocytes, but extrahepatic gene expression in the brain, lung, spleen, and testis has also been reported. Ceruloplasmin contains approximately 95% of serum copper and it carries copper from liver to numerous tissues. Ceruloplasmin level reflects largely the copper concentration of the serum. However, ceruloplasmin has also an antioxidant function that is known as the acute phase reactant. Additionally, ceruloplasmin has a role in the oxidation of serotonin, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. Abnormalities in ceruloplasmin levels have been associated with several neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, the alteration of plasma ceruloplasmin levels has been linked to schizophrenia and its some clinical characteristics including acute or chronic phase, the length of the disease or whether the patients on treatment or not. However, there exists a controversy on relationship between the plasma level of ceruloplasmin and schizophrenia. There are number of reports on the increased or decreased and/or normal level of plasma ceruloplasmin in association with schizophrenia, These differences may have been originated from the usage of different measurement methods, clinical situations, and ethnobiological differences. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the association between plasma ceruloplasmin level and schizophrenic in Turkish patients.Methods: 60 patients (36 women and 24 men, mean of age 31.93 +/- 9.37 years, range 19-55) that were diagnosed as schizophrenia according to DSM-IV were induced for this study at the Psychotic Disorders Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey. The control group consisted of 40 healthy subjects in similar age and gender (23 women, 17 men). Venous blood samples were collected from the left forearm into heparinized tubes The blood samples were centrifuged and the plasma was removed, Erel's ceruloplasmin measurement method that is based on the enzymatic oxidation of ferrous ions to ferric ions was used. SPSS Windows program 13.0 was applied for statistical analysis.Results: Plasma ceruloplasmin levels of schizophrenic patients were significantly higher than the healthy controls (p < 0.001), In addition, female patients had higher ceruloplasmin levels than male patients (p < 0.001), while there was no statistically significant difference between women and men in the control group. There was no association between the ceruloplasmin levels and the age, the duration of illness, smoking, schizophrenia subtypes, symptom severity, and antipsychotic therapy.Conclusions: The study suggests that ceruloplasmin may play a role in pathophysiology of schizophrenic, Moreover, female patients having a higher level of ceruloplasmin than those of male patients that is first time reported in the literature. However, further studies are needed to clarify the higher level of ceruloplasmin in schizophrenia and to reveal the importance of the gender differences in ceruloplasmin levels in schizophrenia

A Defect in the Antioxidant Defense System in Schizophrenia

Objectives: Several oxidants and antioxidants have been evaluated in schizophrenia. However, previous studies frequently focused on individual parameters. Determination of the total oxidant and antioxidant status may be more useful. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate both plasma total oxidant status (TOS) and total antioxidant status (TAS) together with the oxidative stress index (OSI) in schizophrenia patients for the first time in the literature. Methods: A total of 60 schizophrenia patients and 40 healthy volunteers were included in the study. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Clinical Global Impression-severity scale (CGI-S) were used to evaluate the severity of schizophrenia in the patients. TOS and TAS were measured in plasma and the OSI was calculated for patients and controls. Results: There was no difference between patients and controls with regard to TOS, but the patients' TAS and OSI were significantly lower and higher, respectively, than those of the controls. No difference was detected between the schizophrenia subtypes or between the patients on typical or atypical antipsychotic medications or a combination of the two with regard to oxidative parameters. There was a weak to moderately significant negative correlation between TAS and total, positive and general psychopathology PANSS scores. Finally, we found a weak to moderately significant negative correlation between the CGI-S score and TOS and between the CGI-S score and TAS. Conclusions: There is a defect in the antioxidant defense system in schizophrenia. Known oxidative stress that causes oxidative cell damage and thus contributes to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia may be mainly related to this defensive defect. Copyright (C) 2009 S. Karger AG, Base