α-Synuclein Expression Selectively Affects Tumorigenesis in Mice Modeling Parkinson's Disease

Alpha Synuclein (α-Syn) is a protein implicated in mechanisms of neuronal degeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). α-Syn is primarily a neuronal protein, however, its expression is found in various tumors including ovarian, colorectal and melanoma tumors. It has been hypothesized that neurodegeneration may share common mechanisms with oncogenesis. We tested whether α-Syn expression affects tumorigenesis of three types of tumors. Specifically, B16 melanoma, E0771 mammary gland adenocarcinoma and D122 Lewis lung carcinoma. For this aim, we utilized transgenic mice expression the human A53T α-Syn form. We found that the in vivo growth of B16 and E0771 but not D122 was enhanced in the A53T α-Syn mice. The effect on tumorigenesis was not detected in age-matched APP/PS1 mice, modeling Alzheimer's disease (AD), suggesting a specific effect for α-Syn- dependent neurodegeneration. Importantly, transgenic α-Syn expression was detected within the three tumor types. We further show uptake of exogenously added, purified α-Syn, by the cultured tumor cells. In accord, with the affected tumorigenesis in the young A53T α-Syn mice, over- expression of α-Syn in cultured B16 and E0771 cells enhanced proliferation, however, had no effect on the proliferation of D122 cells. Based on these results, we suggest that certain forms of α-Syn may selectively accelerate cellular mechanisms leading to cancer

CropPol: a dynamic, open and global database on crop pollination

Seventy five percent of the world's food crops benefit from insect pollination. Hence, there has been increased interest in how global change drivers impact this critical ecosystem service. Because standardized data on crop pollination are rarely available, we are limited in our capacity to understand the variation in pollination benefits to crop yield, as well as to anticipate changes in this service, develop predictions, and inform management actions. Here, we present CropPol, a dynamic, open and global database on crop pollination. It contains measurements recorded from 202 crop studies, covering 3,394 field observations, 2,552 yield measurements (i.e. berry weight, number of fruits and kg per hectare, among others), and 47,752 insect records from 48 commercial crops distributed around the globe. CropPol comprises 32 of the 87 leading global crops and commodities that are pollinator dependent. Malus domestica is the most represented crop (32 studies), followed by Brassica napus (22 studies), Vaccinium corymbosum (13 studies), and Citrullus lanatus (12 studies). The most abundant pollinator guilds recorded are honey bees (34.22% counts), bumblebees (19.19%), flies other than Syrphidae and Bombyliidae (13.18%), other wild bees (13.13%), beetles (10.97%), Syrphidae (4.87%), and Bombyliidae (0.05%). Locations comprise 34 countries distributed among Europe (76 studies), Northern America (60), Latin America and the Caribbean (29), Asia (20), Oceania (10), and Africa (7). Sampling spans three decades and is concentrated on 2001-05 (21 studies), 2006-10 (40), 2011-15 (88), and 2016-20 (50). This is the most comprehensive open global data set on measurements of crop flower visitors, crop pollinators and pollination to date, and we encourage researchers to add more datasets to this database in the future. This data set is released for non-commercial use only. Credits should be given to this paper (i.e., proper citation), and the products generated with this database should be shared under the same license terms (CC BY-NC-SA). This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

Immunization and Host Responses to <i>MB-1</i>, a Live Hatchery Vaccine against Infectious Bursal Disease

MB-1 is an attenuated infectious bursal disease virus vaccine. Previously, we observed a temporal delay of vaccine virus replication in the bursae of chicks due to maternally derived antibodies (MDAs). The mechanism that allowed its survival despite MDA neutralization remained unclear. We hypothesized that after vaccination at 1 day of age (DOA), the MB-1 virus penetrates and resides in local macrophages that are then distributed to lymphoid organs. Furthermore, MB-1’s ability to survive within macrophages ensures its survival during effective MDA protection. PCR analysis of lymphoid organs from chicks with MDA, vaccinated on 1 DOA, demonstrated that the MB-1 virus was identified at low levels solely in the spleen pre-14 days of age. Fourteen days after vaccination, the virus was identified using PCR in the bursa, with viral levels increasing with time. The possible delay in viral colonization of the bursa was attributed to the presence of anti-IBDV capsid VP2 maternal IgA and IgY in the bursa interstitium. These indicate that during the period of high MDA levels, a small but viable MB-1 viral reservoir was maintained in the spleen, which might have served to colonize the bursa after MDA levels declined. Thereafter, individual immunization of chicks against Gumboro disease was achieved

Rhinosinusites chroniques maxillaires d'origine dentaire: À propos de 2 cas

Chronic maxillary rhinosinusitis of dental origin represents approximately 5% of chronic maxillary rhinosinusitis. The diagnosis of this pathology is often delayed and mainly based on endoscopy and medical imaging. Its treatment is complex and requires the involvement of several teams. This article discusses two cases of chronic maxillary rhinosinusitis secondary to dental treatment. A literature review on the epidemio-logy, diagnosis, treatment and complications are also introduced.SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

α-Syn expression in B16 and E0771 enhances cell proliferation.

<p>(a). Stable poly-clones of B16 cells over expressing either human wt α-Syn, human β-Syn, amyloid precursor protein carrying the Swedish mutation (APPsw) or mock-transfected, were seeded in a 96-well plates at 5×10³ cells per well. Proliferation was determined by the fluorescence ratio at 560ex/590em and normalized to the mock-transfected cells. A representative result of cells 48 hours post seeding. Mean ± SE of n = 6 wells out of three repeats. (b) Stable poly-clones of E0771 and (c) D122, seeded and measured as in (a). *, p<0.05, Mann-Whitney test.</p

Tumorigenicity in old A53T α-Syn +/+ and control mice.

<p>(a). Mice (9–10 months old) were injected with B16 melanoma cells and tumor volumes were determined as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0019622#pone-0019622-g001" target="_blank">Fig. 1a</a>. The experiment was stopped after 20 days, when the tumors in any genotype group reached 1 to 1.2 cm in diameter. The graph represents the means ± standard errors (SE) of 8–9 mice in each group. (b). Mice were injected with D122 Lewis lung carcinoma cells and tumor volume was measured as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0019622#pone-0019622-g001" target="_blank">Fig. 1a</a>. Mean weights of tumors formed in each group at 20 days post- injection ± SE for B16 (c); and D122 (d). *, p<0.05 Mann-Whitney test.</p

Tumorigenicity of B16 melanoma is not affected in APP/PS1 tg mice.

<p>(a). Mice (3–4 months old) were injected subcutaneously with 2.5×10⁵ B16 melanoma cells and tumor volumes were determined every 1–2 days post injection. The experiment was stopped after 14 days, when the tumors in the A53T α-Syn+/+ group reached 1 to 1.2 cm in diameter. The graph represents the means ± standard errors (SE) of 5–7 mice in each group. (b). Mean weights of tumors formed in each group at 14 days post- injection ± SE. *, p<0.05, Mann-Whitney test.</p