Antifungal Cyclic Lipopeptides from <i>Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</i> Strain BO5A

A bioassay-guided fractionation of <i>Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</i> strain BO5A afforded the isolation of two new cyclic lipopeptides (<b>1</b> and <b>2</b>) as the major lipid constituents (>60%) of the CHCl₃–MeOH (2:1) extract. The chemical structures of the isolated metabolites were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry (MS), secondary ion mass spectrometry (MS1, MS2), and chemical degradation. The compounds are members of the surfactins family and are based on a heptapeptide chain composed by Glu-Val-Leu-Val-Asp-Leu-Leu. Its N-terminal end is N-acylated by an (<i>R</i>)-3-hydroxy fatty acid with linear alkyl chains of 16:0 and 15:0 (<b>1</b> and <b>2</b>, respectively). The 3-hydroxyl group closes a 25-membered lactone ring with the carboxylic group of the C-terminal amino acid. The isolated compounds were tested for their inhibitory activity against the four pathogenic fungi <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i>,<i> Aspergillus niger</i>,<i> Botrytis cinerea</i>,<i> </i>and<i> Penicillium italicum</i> and the biocontrol fungus <i>Trichoderma harzianum</i>. Compound <b>2</b> displayed activity against all tested pathogens

Interactive effects of environment conditions on mass loss.

<p>Interactive effects of environment-related parameters on percent mass loss of the tested materials (CBs, top panel row, and wood sticks, bottom panel row) at different decomposition stages (from 30 to 720 days, panel columns). On each graph, <i>P</i>-values in the top-left corner refer to the effects of temperature and water treatment (controlled in the laboratory, natural conditions in the field) on samples incubated with either grassland or sand dune soil. Stars above symbols refer to the effects of soil type within each temperature and water treatment (***: <i>P</i> < 0.001, **: <i>P</i> < 0.01, *: <i>P</i> < 0.05, n.s.: <i>P</i> > 0.05). All statistical results refer to post-hoc Duncan tests from GLM in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0117393#pone.0117393.s002" target="_blank">S1 Table</a>.</p

Variation in carbon biochemical quality assessed by ¹³C CPMAS NMR.

<p>Spectra refer to cigarette butts either undecomposed or after 720 days of decomposition in laboratory and field conditions. Insets in each spectra shows pictures of a cigarette butt at the corresponding decomposition stage.</p

Assessment of CB biochemical quality variation during decomposition.

<p>Variation in seven main classes of organic carbon assessed by ¹³C-CPMAS NMR spectroscopy in undecomposed cigarette butts and after 720 days of decomposition under laboratory and field conditions. Data refer to mean ± standard deviation (<i>N</i> = 3). No statistically significant differences were recorded (Duncan’s test at <i>P</i> < 0.05).</p

Nitrogen concentration and transfer in wood sticks and cigarette butts.

<p>Nitrogen concentration (A, expressed as percentage) and total content (B, expressed as a percentage of initial value fixed at 100%) after 720 days of decomposition in laboratory and field conditions in wood sticks and cigarette butts. Initial N concentration was 0.10% and 0.21% for wood sticks and cigarette butts, respectively. Data refer to mean ± standard deviation; different letters indicate statistically significant differences within each material (Duncan’s test at <i>P</i> < 0.05). Materials showing total N content significantly higher than 100 (t-test with Bonferroni’s correction for multiple comparison, <i>P</i> < 0.005) are marked with * indicating N transfer from the soil.</p

Additional file 1 of The Brain Gene Registry: a data snapshot

Additional File 1. One Table and Eleven Supplementary Figures that provide additional contextual information and analyses