12 research outputs found

    Adjusting the pH of expired eosin dye by using either hydrocholic acid or glacial acetic acid to improve the efficiency of staining tissue.

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     This research work focused to study the improvement of expired eosin dye by using two types of acids. This dye is Eosin Y 1% aqueous solution that was commercial expired for 4 years. Eosin solution was divided into two groups that were tested with either hydrochloric acid (HCl) or Glacial acetic acid (GA) in different volume and pH. Acid quality of the first group was increased by using different volumes of HCl which were adjusted by 22.32 mM (pH~5.94), 44.64 mM (pH~5.74), 66.96 mM (pH~4.80), 111.61 mM (pH~2.13), 446.43 mM (pH~0.79) while acidity of the second group was adjusted by GA as 22.32 mM (pH~5.93), 111.61 mM (pH~5.23), 223.21 mM (pH~5.02), 446.43 mM (pH~4.59), 1,339.29 mM (pH~4.02), respectively. The control group used both new and old eosin dye. At low volume (22.32 mM), there was no significant difference on the quality of staining using HCl and GA. To compare the efficiency of both acids in higher volume and pH, the efficiency of intestine tissue's color staining was slightly changed little by using GA, whereas the more changing was revealed by using HCl. The efficient optimum range of HCl was 44.64-66.96 mM (pH~5.74-4.80), while the efficient range of GA was 446.43-1,339.29 mM (pH~4.59-4.02), compared with new control dye. The staining efficiency by using HCl should be careful because of rapid and strong impact in tissue. Therefore, this work will be useful to improve the efficiency of expired eosin dye by adjusting concentrations and pH of HCl and GA. (This work was supported by the grant from HRH Princess Mahachakri Sirindhorn Medical Center

    The Decrease of Rouleaux Formation of Red Blood Cells in Healthy Human by Water-Soluble Chlorophyll as Revealed by Scanning Electron Microscopy

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    Objective: In present study, we examined rouleaux formation of red blood cells before and after drinking water-soluble chlorophyll as anantioxidant. Method: In blood smear, red blood cells of 20 volunteers were examined before and after drinking water-soluble chlorophyllby using a light microscope, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: The rouleauxformations were modularly found in 30 and 60 min. In contrast, those formations rarely appeared in 45 min. ESR values of both sexesafter drinking water-soluble chlorophyll for 45 min were significantly lower than those before drinking. In SEM, before drinking watersolublechlorophyll, rouleaux formations were found. After drinking water-soluble chlorophyll for 45 min, however, those formationsdisappeared. Conclusion: The results suggest that water-soluble chlorophyll may be able to decrease rouleaux formations of red bloodcells in healthy volunteers.Keywords: water-soluble chlorophyll, rouleaux formation, red blood cell, scanning electron microscopyThai Pharm Health Sci J 2009;4(4):450-455

    Maturation of the gastric microvasculature in Xenopus laevis (Lissamphibia, Anura) occurs at the transition from the herbivorous to the carnivorous lifestyle, predominantly by intussuceptive microvascular growth (IMG): a scanning electron microscope study of microvascular corrosion casts and correlative light microscopy

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    The microvascular bed of the stomach of Xenopus laevis and the changes it undergoes when the herbivorous tadpole becomes a carnivorous adult were studied by scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts and light microscopy of stained tissue sections. In tadpoles an upper and a lower gastric artery supplied, and upper, middle and lower medial and lateral gastric veins drained the vertically extending stomach. During metamorphosis, the stomach gained a horizontal cranio-caudal extension and vessels accordingly become dorsal and ventral gastric arteries, and anterior, middle and posterior gastric veins, respectively. Up to stage 64 (late climax) mucosal capillaries formed a polygonal network of wide immature-looking capillaries ensheathing gastric glands in a basket-like manner. From stage 64 onwards, blood vessels of the stomach appeared mature, revealed a clear hierarchy and were correlated closely with the histomorphology of the stomach, which had also gained the adult pattern. Within the gastric mucosa, ascending arterioles branched in a fountain-like pattern into wide subepithelial capillaries establishing a centripetal blood flow along the gastric glands, which makes an ultrashort control loop of glandular cells within the branched tubular gastric glands very unlikely. Formation of the stomach external muscular layer started at stage 57 when smooth muscle cells locally formed a single longitudinal and one-to-two single circular layers. Abundant signs of intussusceptive microvascular growth and rare vascular sprouts in vascular corrosion casts indicated that the larval-to-adult microvascular pattern formation of the stomach of Xenopus laevis Daudin occurs predominantly by non-sprouting angiogenesis

    Surface topography of tracheal cells of common tree shrew (Tupaia glis) āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļĢāļđāļ›āļĢāđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāļēāļĄāļĄāļīāļ•āļīāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ‹āļĨāļĨāđŒāļšāļļāļœāļīāļ§āđƒāļ™āļŦāļĨāļ­āļ”āļĨāļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļąāļ•āļ§āđŒāđ€āļĨāļĩāđ‰āļĒāļ‡āļĨāļđāļāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ™āļĄ āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļāļĨāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļˆāļļāļĨāļ—āļĢāļĢāļĻāļ™āđŒāļ­āļīāđ€āļĨāļ„āļ•āļĢāļ­āļ™āļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āļŠāđˆāļ­āļ‡āļāļĢāļēāļ”

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    The surface morphology of the luminal surface of tracheal epithelial cell was demonstrated by mean of scanning electron microscopy. The trachea was investigated that the ciliated cells, non-ciliated cells, and goblet cells (mucous cells) were clearly observed in three dimensions. The ciliated cell provided long cilia to protect lung from foreign body. The goblet cells which lined the mucous membrane were also over the cilia and entraped foreign body in the inspired air. This mucus substance was fused the particles and was propelled by cilia outward. It led to protect lung from invasion. The non-ciliated cells or microvillus cells were covered with short microvilli. They were believed that the microvilli surface were important in regulate the volume of the tracheobronchial secretion. Our results confirm that the morphology of each cell was related to the function for conducting airway

    Characterization of Infected Diabetic Wound after Ozonated Water Therapy

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    āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāļŠāļĩāđ‰āļ§āļąāļ”āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļĄāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļąāļ‡āļ„āļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™āļĢāļīāļĄāļ„āļĨāļ­āļ‡āđāļŠāļ™āđāļŠāļš āļ•āļēāļĄāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļ›āļĢāļąāļŠāļāļēāđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆāļžāļ­āđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ‡ (THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL STRENGTH OF COMMUNITIES ALONG SAEN SAEB CANAL BY APPLYING PHILOSOPHY OF SUFFICIENCY ECONOMY)

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    āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāļŠāļĩāđ‰āļ§āļąāļ”āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļąāļ‡āļ„āļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™āļĢāļīāļĄāļ„āļĨāļ­āļ‡āđāļŠāļ™āđāļŠāļš āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļ›āļĢāļąāļŠāļāļēāđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆāļžāļ­āđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ‡ āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļĄāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļąāļ‡āļ„āļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™āļĢāļīāļĄāļ„āļĨāļ­āļ‡āđāļŠāļ™āđāļŠāļš āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļĄāļīāļ•āļīāļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļļāļ™āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ›āļĢāļąāļŠāļāļēāđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆāļžāļ­āđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™ āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļŠāļģāļĢāļ§āļˆ (Survey Research) āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļāļĢ āļ„āļ·āļ­ āļ›āļĢāļ°āļ˜āļēāļ™āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļœāļđāđ‰āđƒāļŦāļāđˆāļšāđ‰āļēāļ™āđƒāļ™āđāļ•āđˆāļĨāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™/āļŦāļĄāļđāđˆāļšāđ‰āļēāļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļĄāļēāļŠāļīāļāđƒāļ™āđāļ•āđˆāļĨāļ°āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āđƒāļ™āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™āļšāļĢāļīāđ€āļ§āļ“āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļīāļĄāļ„āļĨāļ­āļ‡āđāļŠāļ™āđāļŠāļš āļ•āļąāļ§āđāļ›āļĢāļ­āļīāļŠāļĢāļ° āļ„āļ·āļ­ 1) āļ—āļļāļ™āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™ 5 āļ—āļļāļ™ (āļ—āļļāļ™āļāļēāļĒāļ āļēāļž āļ—āļļāļ™āļĄāļ™āļļāļĐāļĒāđŒ āļ—āļļāļ™āļŠāļąāļ‡āļ„āļĄ āļ—āļļāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļ—āļļāļ™āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļēāļ•āļī) āđāļĨāļ° 2) āđāļ™āļ§āļ„āļīāļ”āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆāļžāļ­āđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ‡ 4 āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™ (āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļžāļ­āļ›āļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļ“ āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĄāļĩāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļœāļĨ āļ āļđāļĄāļīāļ„āļļāđ‰āļĄāļāļąāļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđ‰āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļļāļ“āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄ) āļ•āļąāļ§āđāļ›āļĢāļ•āļēāļĄÂ āļ„āļ·āļ­ āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļĄāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļąāļ‡āļ„āļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™ āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāđāļšāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ 4 āđ€āļ‚āļ• āļ„āļ·āļ­ āļāļĢāļļāļ‡āđ€āļ—āļžāļŠāļąāđ‰āļ™āđƒāļ™ (āļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđāļ•āđˆāļ„āļĨāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļŦāļēāļ™āļēāļ„-āļ„āļĨāļ­āļ‡āļ•āļąāļ™) āļāļĢāļļāļ‡āđ€āļ—āļžāļŠāļąāđ‰āļ™āļāļĨāļēāļ‡ (āļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđāļ•āđˆāļ„āļĨāļ­āļ‡āļ•āļąāļ™-āļ•āļĨāļēāļ”āļĄāļĩāļ™āļšāļļāļĢāļĩ) āļāļĢāļļāļ‡āđ€āļ—āļžāļŠāļąāđ‰āļ™āļ™āļ­āļ(āļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđāļ•āđˆāļ•āļĨāļēāļ”āļĄāļĩāļ™āļšāļļāļĢāļĩ-āļŦāļ™āļ­āļ‡āļˆāļ­āļ) āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ‚āļ•āļ­āļģāđ€āļ āļ­āļšāļēāļ‡āļ™āđ‰āļģāđ€āļ›āļĢāļĩāđ‰āļĒāļ§ (āļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđāļ•āđˆāļŦāļ™āļ­āļ‡āļˆāļ­āļ-āļ„āļĨāļ­āļ‡āļšāļēāļ‡āļ‚āļ™āļēāļ)āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļēāđ€āļ‚āļ•āļāļĢāļļāļ‡āđ€āļ—āļžāļŠāļąāđ‰āļ™āļ™āļ­āļāļĄāļĩāļ—āļļāļ™āļĄāļ™āļļāļĐāļĒāđŒ āļ—āļļāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļ—āļļāļ™āļāļēāļĒāļ āļēāļžāļĄāļēāļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļļāļ” āđƒāļ™āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļ–āļķāļ‡āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ‚āđˆāļēāļ§āļŠāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđ‰āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļģāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ āļĢāļēāļĒāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ›āļĢāļ°āļˆāļģāđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļēāļĒāļˆāđˆāļēāļĒāļ•āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ”āļ·āļ­āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļĄāļĩāļĄāļīāđ€āļ•āļ­āļĢāđŒāđ„āļŸāļŸāđ‰āļēāđāļĨāļ°āļ™āđ‰āļģāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ›āļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āļ™āđ€āļ­āļ‡ (āļ•āļēāļĄāļĨāļģāļ”āļąāļš) āđ€āļ‚āļ•āļ­āļģāđ€āļ āļ­āļšāļēāļ‡āļ™āđ‰āļģāđ€āļ›āļĢāļĩāđ‰āļĒāļ§ āļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āļ‰āļ°āđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āđ€āļ—āļĢāļē āļĄāļĩāļ—āļļāļ™āļŠāļąāļ‡āļ„āļĄ āđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļĩāļ—āļļāļ™āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļēāļ•āļīāļĄāļēāļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļļāļ” āđƒāļ™āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāļāļēāļĢāļ­āļēāļĻāļąāļĒāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ„āļĨāļ­āļ‡āļŊāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒ āđāļĨāļ° āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŦāļ™āļēāđāļ™āđˆāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļ™āđ‰āļ­āļĒ āđ„āļĄāđˆāđāļ­āļ­āļąāļ” (āļ•āļēāļĄāļĨāļģāļ”āļąāļš) āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāđ€āļ‚āļ•āļāļĢāļļāļ‡āđ€āļ—āļžāļŠāļąāđ‰āļ™āđƒāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļąāđ‰āļ™āļāļĨāļēāļ‡ āļĄāļĩāļ—āļļāļ™āļĄāļ™āļļāļĐāļĒāđŒ āļ—āļļāļ™āļŠāļąāļ‡āļ„āļĄ āļ—āļļāļ™āļāļēāļĒāļ āļēāļžāđāļĨāļ°āļ—āļļāļ™āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļēāļ•āļīāļ™āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļļāļ” āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™āļŠāļĄāļēāļŠāļīāļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļ§āļąāļĒāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™ āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļ–āļķāļ‡āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ‚āđˆāļēāļ§āļŠāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđ‰āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļģāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļžāļ“āļĩāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™ āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāļāļēāļĢāļ­āļēāļĻāļąāļĒāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™Â āļĄāļĩāļ›āļąāļāļŦāļēāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļēāļ•āļī āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŦāļ™āļēāđāļ™āđˆāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™Â (āļ•āļēāļĄāļĨāļģāļ”āļąāļš) āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆāļžāļ­āđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™āļĢāļīāļĄāļ„āļĨāļ­āļ‡āđāļŠāļ™āđāļŠāļš āļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļē āđ€āļ‚āļ•āļāļĢāļļāļ‡āđ€āļ—āļžāļŠāļąāđ‰āļ™āļ™āļ­āļāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆāļžāļ­āđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™āļŠāļđāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļļāļ” āđƒāļ™āļ—āļļāļāđ† āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆÂ āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļžāļ­āļ›āļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļ“ āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĄāļĩāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļœāļĨ āļ āļđāļĄāļīāļ„āļļāđ‰āļĄāļāļąāļ™ āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđ‰ āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļļāļ“āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄÂ āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļĄāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆāļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™ āļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļē āđ€āļ‚āļ•āļāļĢāļļāļ‡āđ€āļ—āļžāļŠāļąāđ‰āļ™āļ™āļ­āļāļĄāļĩāļ„āđˆāļēāļŠāļđāļ‡āļŠāļļāļ”āļ­āļąāļ™āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļēāļˆāļēāļāļ—āļļāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļŠāļđāļ‡ āļ­āļĩāļāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļĒāļąāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ™āļģāđāļ™āļ§āļ„āļīāļ”āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆāļžāļ­āđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ‡āđ„āļ›āļ›āļĢāļ°āļĒāļļāļāļ•āđŒāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļāļąāļšāļāļīāļˆāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ† āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ„āļĢāļāđ‡āļ•āļēāļĄāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļĄāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰ āļĒāļąāļ‡āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļĄāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđ„āļ›āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ­āļĩāļ āđƒāļ™āļ‚āļ“āļ°āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļĄāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆāļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ‚āļ•āļāļĢāļļāļ‡āđ€āļ—āļžāļŠāļąāđ‰āļ™āđƒāļ™ āđ€āļ‚āļ•āļāļĢāļļāļ‡āđ€āļ—āļžāļŠāļąāđ‰āļ™āļāļĨāļēāļ‡ āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ‚āļ•āļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āļ‰āļ°āđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āđ€āļ—āļĢāļēāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļāļĨāđ‰āđ€āļ„āļĩāļĒāļ‡āļāļąāļ™ āļ„āđˆāļ­āļ™āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ•āđˆāļģāļ„āļģāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļ: āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļĄāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļąāļ‡āļ„āļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™ āļ—āļļāļ™āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™ āđāļ™āļ§āļ„āļīāļ”āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆāļžāļ­āđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ‡The objective of this research is to study the economic and social indicators of community along Saen Saeb canal by using the philosophy of sufficiency economy. Also, this research aims to analyze the economic and social strength of communities along Saen Saeb Canal using the elements of community capital and the philosophy of Sufficiency Economy in the community level. This is a survey research paper, which has community’s leaders and representatives of each family in communities along Saen Saeb canal being population. The independent variables are: 1) capital community classified into five elements (physical capital, human capital, social capital, financial capital, and nature capital) and 2) the philosophy of sufficiency economy measured in 4 aspects (moderation, reasonable thinking economic immunity, and knowledge and ethics). The dependent variable is the degree of the economic and social strength of communities. Research area is divided into four sub areas: inner Bangkok. (from Mahanak canal - Khlong Tan), in middle Bangkok (from Khlong Tan-Minburi market) and outer Bangkok (from Minburi market-Nong Chok) and Bangnampreaw district (from Nong Chok-Bang Kanag canal).The study found that outer Bangkok has the highest level of human capital, financial capital and physical capital comparing with the other three sub areas. This result came from the easiness of in terms of access to necessary information and knowledge required, high level of income per household, having its own electricity and water supply. On the other hand, Bangnampreaw district has the highest social capital and nature capital, which are resulted from the long period of people living in the community and the Saen Saeb canel utilization, the accurate density of households, respectively. Besides, the research showed that inner Bangkok and middle Bangkok have the lowest levels of human capital, social capital, physical capital and nature capital in terms of education, access to necessary information, knowledge required, community traditions, duration of living in the community, environmental problem and density of households.Considering the level of sufficiency economy in the communities along Klong Saen Saeb, the result demonstrated that people living in outer Bangkok always apply this philosophy in all aspect of their daily life: moderation, reasonable thinking economic immunity, and knowledge and ethics. Consequently, the high levels of community capital and sufficiency economy in the outer Bangkok yield the highest level of economic community strength. However, this strength could be developed. In contrary, the strength of the economic community of inner Bangkok, middle Bangkok and Bangnampreaw district are similarly low.Keywords: economic and social strength of communities, community capital, philosophy of sufficiency econom

    Surface morphology of oviductal epithelial cells in stages of follicular and luteal phases of buffalo(āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāđ€āļ‹āļĨāļĨāđŒāļšāļļāļœāļīāļ§āļ—āđˆāļ­āļ™āļģāđ„āļ‚āđˆāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļĢāļ°āļšāļ·āļ­āđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āļŸāļ­āļĨāļĨāļīāļ„āļđāļĨāļēāļĢāđŒāđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āļĨāļđāđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļĨāđ‚āļ”āļĒāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļāļĨāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļˆāļļāļĨāļ—āļĢāļĢāļĻāļ™āđŒāļ­āļīāđ€āļĨāđ‡āļāļ•āļĢāļ­āļ™āļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āļŠāđˆāļ­āļ‡āļāļĢāļēāļ”)

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    In this study, we examined the luminal surfaces of epithelial cells that lined on the ampulla-isthmus of the buffalo oviduct during the follicular and luteal phases of the estrous cycle by using scanning electron microscopy. The luminal epithelium of ampulla-isthmus from the oviduct during the follicular phase showed dense population of ciliated cells. The cilia of ciliated cells partially covered the apical surface of nonciliated cells. However, only one-third of epithelial cells lining the ampulla during luteal phase were ciliated cells. The apical surfaces of the nonciliated cells were round shape. It is obvious that, during the estrous cycle, the buffalo oviductal epithelium changes its structural features. It is known that the buffalo is commercial livestock in Thailand. We believed that examination of the epithelial cell of buffalo oviduct might contribute to increasing our knowledge of buffalo reproductive
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