A case of cerebral palsy: The need of perioperative multidisciplinary approach

Cerebral palsy (CP) occurs as a result of an insult to the developing brain which may be due to birth asphyxia, trauma, infection, or prematurity in the antenatal, perinatal, or postnatal period. It is characterized by varying degrees of motor, sensory, and intellectual impairment. CP clinically manifests as spastic, dyskinetic, ataxic, and mixed type according to the involvement of brain. Additional developmental disabilities such as mental retardation, epilepsy, visual, hearing, speech, cognitive, behavioral abnormalities, and chronic systemic diseases may be present in these patients. Here, we have discussed the successful management of a case of spastic CP for removal of bladder calculus with proper perioperative care

Visual outcome and complications of various techniques of secondary intraocular lens

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The purpose of this study was to compare and evaluate the visual outcome and complications of various techniques of secondary intraocular lens (IOL) (i.e., anterior chamber IOL [ACIOL], suture-fixated posterior chamber IOL [PCIOL], and glue-fixated PCIOL). STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: This was a randomized, prospective, interventional, comparative, clinical trial study. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Patients of either sex having aphakia and lacking posterior capsular support were included in the study, and patients having corneal or scleral pathology, optic atrophy, uncontrolled glaucoma, retinal detachment, and other retinal pathology were excluded from the study. The patients were divided into three groups after comprehensive ophthalmological examination – Group A (secondary ACIOL) included 44 patients, Group B (secondary scleral-fixated sutured PCIOL) included 32 patients, and Group C (fibrin glue-fixated sutured PCIOL) included 34 patients. RESULTS: A total of 110 patients were included in this study, of which 59 (53.63%) were males and 51 (46.37%) were females. The best-corrected visual acuity (VA) after 6 weeks was in the range of 20/60–20/40 in 36.4% of Group A and 40.6% of Group B patients. In Group C, 52.9% of patients had best-corrected VA in the range of 20/30–20/20. The overall complications were less in glued PCIOL group. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that fibrin glue-assisted PCIOL implantation provides better visual outcome with minimal complications in eyes with deficient capsular support

Caring for caregivers of people living with HIV in the family: a response to the HIV pandemic from two urban slum communities in Pune, India.

INTRODUCTION: In low resource settings, the vast majority of 'Person/people Living with HIV' (PLHIV/s) and inadequate healthcare delivery systems to meet their treatment and care needs, caregivers play a vital role. Home based caregivers are often unrecognized with limited AIDS policies and programs focusing on them. We explored the perceptions and norms regarding care being provided by family caregivers of PLHIVs in India. METHODOLOGY: A community based qualitative study to understand the issues pertaining to home based care for PLHIV was conducted in urban settings of Pune city, in Maharashtra, India. Eight Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) among men, women and peer educators were carried out. A total of 44 in-depth Interviews (IDIs) with PLHIVs (20) and their caregivers (24), were conducted using separate guides respectively. Data was analyzed thematically. RESULTS: Home based care was perceived as economically viable option available for PLHIVs. 'Care' comprised of emotional, adherence, nursing and financial support to PLHIV. Home based care was preferred over hospital based care as it ensured confidentiality and patient care without hampering routine work at home. Women emerged as more vital primary caregivers compared to men. Home based care for men was almost unconditional while women had no such support. The natal family of women also abandoned. Their marital families seemed to provide support. Caregivers voiced the need for respite care and training. DISCUSSION: Gender related stigma and discrimination existed irrespective of women being the primary family caregivers. The support from marital families indicates a need to explore care and support issues at natal and marital homes of the women living with HIV respectively. Home based care training and respite care for the caregivers is recommended. Gender sensitive interventions addressing gender inequity and HIV related stigma should be modeled while designing interventions for PLHIVs and their family caregivers

Details of Focus Group Discussion (FGD).

<p>Details of Focus Group Discussion (FGD).</p

Description of respondents for in depth interview of PLHIVs and their caregivers.

<p>Description of respondents for in depth interview of PLHIVs and their caregivers.</p

Phase-resolved X-ray polarimetry of the Crab pulsar with the AstroSat CZT Imager

The Crab pulsar is a typical example of a young, rapidly spinning, strongly magnetized neutron star that generates broad-band electromagnetic radiation by accelerating charged particles to near light speeds in its magnetosphere(1). Details of this emission process so far remain poorly understood. Measurement of polarization in X-rays, particularly as a function of pulse phase, is thought to be a key element necessary to unravel the mystery of pulsar radiation(2-4). Such measurements are extremely difficult, however: to date, Crab is the only pulsar to have been detected in polarized X-rays(5-8) and the measurements have not been sensitive enough to adequately reveal the variation of polarization characteristics across the pulse(7). Here, we present the most sensitive measurement to date of polarized hard X-ray emission from the Crab pulsar and nebula in the 100-380 keV band, using the Cadmium-Zinc-Telluride Imager(9) instrument on-board the Indian astronomy satellite AstroSat(10). We confirm with high significance the earlier indication(6,7) of a strongly polarized off-pulse emission. However, we also find a variation in polarization properties within the off-pulse region. In addition, our data hint at a swing of the polarization angle across the pulse peaks. This behaviour cannot be fully explained by the existing theoretical models of high-energy emission from pulsars