The effects of life experiences and polygenic risk for depression on the development of positive and negative cognitive biases across adolescence: The CogBIAS hypothesis

Background: Little is understood about the development of cognitive biases, despite their influential role in psychopathology and wellbeing. The Cognitive Bias (CogBIAS) hypothesis proposes that cognitive biases develop as a function of environmental influences (which determine the valence of biases), and the genetic susceptibility to those influences (which determines the potency of biases). The current study employed adolescent data from the CogBIAS Longitudinal Study to examine the CogBIAS hypothesis, using a polygenic-by-environment approach. Methods: Measures of life experiences and polygenic scores for depression were used to examine the development of memory and interpretation biases in a three-wave sample of adolescents (12-16 years). Mixed effects modeling was used to examine whether (negative and positive) life experiences, polygenic scores, and their interaction predicted various forms of the memory and interpretation biases. Results: Positive life experiences were shown to, respectively, diminish and enhance the negative and positive forms of memory recall and interpretation biases. Against expectation, negative life experiences and depression polygenic scores were not significant predictors of any cognitive outcomes, upon adjusting for psychopathology. Nonetheless, the interaction between polygenic risk and positive life events predicted a stronger positive social interpretation bias. Conclusions: These results provide the first line of polygenic evidence to support the CogBIAS and vantage sensitivity hypotheses, by demonstrating that polygenic risk for depression could interact with positive environmental influences to produce positive psychological outcomes during adolescence

The effects of life experiences and polygenic risk for depression on the development of positive and negative cognitive biases across adolescence: The CogBIAS hypothesis

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 22 January 2024. OnlinePublThe Cognitive Bias (CogBIAS) hypothesis proposes that cognitive biases develop as a function of environmental influences (which determine the valence of biases) and the genetic susceptibility to those influences (which determines the potency of biases). The current study employed a longitudinal, polygenic-by-environment approach to examine the CogBIAS hypothesis. To this end, measures of life experiences and polygenic scores for depression were used to assess the development of memory and interpretation biases in a three-wave sample of adolescents (12-16 years) (N = 337). Using mixed effects modeling, three patterns were revealed. First, positive life experiences (PLEs) were found to diminish negative and enhance positive forms of memory and social interpretation biases. Second, and against expectation, negative life experiences and depression polygenic scores were not associated with any cognitive outcomes, upon adjusting for psychopathology. Finally, and most importantly, the interaction between high polygenic risk and greater PLEs was associated with a stronger positive interpretation bias for social situations. These results provide the first line of polygenic evidence in support of the CogBIAS hypothesis, but also extend this hypothesis by highlighting positive genetic and nuanced environmental influences on the development of cognitive biases across adolescence.Orestis Zavlis, Sam Parsons, Elaine Fox, Charlotte Booth, Annabel Songco and John Paul Vincen

The CogBIAS longitudinal study protocol: cognitive and genetic factors influencing psychological functioning in adolescence

Background Optimal psychological development is dependent upon a complex interplay between individual and situational factors. Investigating the development of these factors in adolescence will help to improve understanding of emotional vulnerability and resilience. The CogBIAS longitudinal study (CogBIAS-L-S) aims to combine cognitive and genetic approaches to investigate risk and protective factors associated with the development of mood and impulsivity-related outcomes in an adolescent sample. Methods CogBIAS-L-S is a three-wave longitudinal study of typically developing adolescents conducted over 4 years, with data collection at age 12, 14 and 16. At each wave participants will undergo multiple assessments including a range of selective cognitive processing tasks (e.g. attention bias, interpretation bias, memory bias) and psychological self-report measures (e.g. anxiety, depression, resilience). Saliva samples will also be collected at the baseline assessment for genetic analyses. Multilevel statistical analyses will be performed to investigate the developmental trajectory of cognitive biases on psychological functioning, as well as the influence of genetic moderation on these relationships. Discussion CogBIAS-L-S represents the first longitudinal study to assess multiple cognitive biases across adolescent development and the largest study of its kind to collect genetic data. It therefore provides a unique opportunity to understand how genes and the environment influence the development and maintenance of cognitive biases and provide insight into risk and protective factors that may be key targets for intervention.</p

The Systematic Evaluation of Identifying the Infarct Related Artery Utilizing Cardiac Magnetic Resonance in Patients Presenting with ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction

<div><p>Background</p><p>Identification of the infarct-related artery (IRA) in patients with STEMI using coronary angiography (CA) is often based on the ECG and can be challenging in patients with severe multi-vessel disease. The current study aimed to determine how often percutaneous intervention (PCI) is performed in a coronary artery different from the artery supplying the territory of acute infarction on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR).</p><p>Methods</p><p>We evaluated 113 patients from the Reduction of infarct Expansion and Ventricular remodeling with Erythropoetin After Large myocardial infarction (REVEAL) trial, who underwent CMR within 4±2 days of revascularization. Blinded reviewers interpreted CA to determine the IRA and CMR to determine the location of infarction on a 17-segment model. In patients with multiple infarcts on CMR, acuity was determined with T2-weighted imaging and/or evidence of microvascular obstruction.</p><p>Results</p><p>A total of 5 (4%) patients were found to have a mismatch between the IRA identified on CMR and CA. In 4/5 cases, there were multiple infarcts noted on CMR. Thirteen patients (11.5%) had multiple infarcts in separate territories on CMR with 4 patients (3.5%) having multiple acute infarcts and 9 patients (8%) having both acute and chronic infarcts.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>In this select population of patients, the identification of the IRA by CA was incorrect in 4% of patients presenting with STEMI. Four patients with a mismatch had an acute infarction in more than one coronary artery territory on CMR. The role of CMR in patients presenting with STEMI with multi-vessel disease on CA deserves further investigation.</p></div

Baseline Characteristics of Patients.

<p>Baseline Characteristics of Patients.</p

Multiple Infarcts on CMR and CA.

<p>CMR with evidence of multiple infarcts in LAD, RCA, and LCx distribution (A-C). Angiography with high-grade stenosis in LCx and LAD, 100% stenosis RCA (D-F)</p

Mismatch between Cardiac Magnetic Resonance and Angiography.

<p><b>1A:</b> The clinical interpretation of the IRA was the RCA (white arrow), (A) which underwent PCI with stent placement. The IRA was indeterminate by blinded analysis. CMR showed an inferolateral wall infarct (white arrow) (LCx distribution) (B). With the CMR data available, reviewing the angiography data again, the OM was seen to have a flush occlusion that was filled retrograde (white arrows) (C and D). <b>1B:</b> The clinical and blinded interpretation of the IRA was the RCA, which underwent PCI with stent placement (white arrow) (A). CMR showed infarcts in both the RCA and LCx distribution (white arrows) (B and C). T2 weighted imaging indicated that the OM territory was acute (white arrow) (D). With the CMR data available, angiography revealed retrograde filling of OM (white arrows) (E and F). <b>1C:</b> The clinical and blinded interpretation of the IRA was the RCA, which underwent PCI with stent placement (white arrow) (A). CMR showed an infarct in the inferolateral (LCx) distribution with no scar in the inferoseptal wall (white arrow) (B). There was also retrograde filling of the OM (white arrow) (C). <b>1D:</b> The clinical and blinded interpretation of the IRA was the RCA, which underwent PCI with stent placement (white arrow) (A). CMR showed an infarct in the mid-distal anterior wall (LAD distribution) (white arrows) (B and C). On cardiac angiography, there was stenosis noted in the mid-LAD territory (white arrow) (D). <b>1E:</b> The clinical and blinded interpretation of the IRA was the LAD, which underwent balloon angioplasty (white arrow) (A and B). CMR showed an infarct in the inferoseptal wall, (gray arrow) (C) which does not correlate with the area of distribution of the distal LAD. This area of distribution, is attributed to the PDA, which originates from the LCx, however no obvious stenosis was appreciated in that region (white arrow) (D).</p

Right Ventricular Infarct on CMR and CA.

<p>CMR with evidence of RV infarct (A and B). Angiography demonstrating RCA stenosis (C-E).</p