Avaliação economica da produção de biodiesel: cálculo do custo unitário em processo por bateladas

A avaliação econômica do ciclo produtivo do biodiesel é um parâmetro fundamental em qualquer empreendimento de produção industrial de biodiesel. No projeto BIOSUL/Finep (Unidade demonstrativa para a produção de biodiesel de mamona no extremo-sul do RS) esta avaliação econômica consistiu de uma revisão da literatura técnica, a fim de encontrar um método de determinação do custo unitário (R$/L) do biodiesel antes da tributação. O procedimento mais adequado foi o método de HAAS et al. (2006) que divide o cálculo em itens padrão como: custos de capital e custos de operação, facilitando o estudo e análise de cenários produtivos. Adotado esse método, ele foi adaptado às particularidades da tecnologia química do projeto BIOSUL, recebendo adaptações importantes quanto a aplicação da legislação trabalhista e ambiental brasileira. O método resultante, aqui apresentado, poderá ser utilizado em empreendimentos similares dentro do Programa Nacional de Produção e Uso do Biodiesel

Extraction and characterization of lipids from Sarcocornia ambigua meal: a halophyte biomass produced with shrimp farm effluent irrigation

Sarcocornia ambigua is a perennial glasswort, native of South America and a potential new seed-oil crop and forage for direct irrigation with salt water. Small seeds develop inside fertile segments of its cylindrical leafless shoots and, at the harvest, seeds are typically mixed with remnant cellulose material difficult to separate. This work evaluated different extraction methods and the composition of total esterified fatty acids in a meal of ground fertile shoots of S. ambigua, seeking for an alternative primary matter and larger yield of total lipids. The highest lipid yield was obtained with a chloroform:methanol mixture (2:1)(v/v) (5.2% of dry weight). The most abundant polyunsaturated fatty acids in the meal were linoleic acid (C18:2; 21.4%) and oleic acid (C18:1; 18.3%). Fifty six percent of the lipids in S. ambigua meal were saturated and palmitic acid (C16:0) was the main fraction (19.8%). Long-chain fatty acids (≥ C20) represented 29.5% of the lipids. Most abundant long-chain fatty acids were behenic acid (C22:0; 7.1%), lignoceric acid (C24:0; 5.3%) and montanic acid (C28:0; 4.0%). The percentage of saturated lipids in S. ambigua meal was higher than that of vegetable oils with a MUFA nutritional profile and some of these lipids have known bioactive propertiesSarcocornia ambigua é uma planta herbácea perene, nativa da América do Sul e uma nova oleaginosa com potencial para forrageira, cultivada por irrigação direta com água salgada. Suas pequenas sementes se desenvolvem dentro dos segmentos do seu caule cilíndrico sem folhas e, durante a colheita, as sementes se misturam com o material celulósico remanescente de difícil separação. Este trabalho avalia diferentes métodos de extração e a composição dos ácidos graxos esterificados na farinha de caules férteis de S. ambigua, visando uma matéria-prima alternativa e um maior rendimento lipídico. Um maior rendimento lipídico foi obtido utilizando uma mistura (2:1)(v/v) de clorofórmio e metanol (5,2% da massa seca). Os ácidos graxos poli-insaturados mais abundantes na farinha foram o ácido linoleico (C18:2; 21,4%) e o ácido oleico (C18:1; 18,3%). Cinquenta e seis porcento dos lipídios da farinha de S. ambigua foram saturados e o ácido palmítico (C16:0) foi a principal fração (19,8%). Os ácidos graxos de cadeias longas (≥ C20) representaram 29,5% dos lipídios da farinha. Os ácidos graxos de cadeias longas mais abundantes foram o ácido behênico (C22:0; 7,1%), lignocérico (C24:0; 5,3%) e o ácido montânico (C28:0; 4,0%). A porcentagem de lipídios saturados na farinha de S. ambigua é significativamente maior do que os óleos comerciais com perfil nutricional MUFA e alguns dos lipídios encontrados possuem propriedades bioativas reconhecida

Synthesis of new fatty acids amides from aminolysis of fames

Submitted by Sabrina Andrade ([email protected]) on 2011-12-29T19:07:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Síntese de novas amidas graxas a partir da aminólise de ésteres metílicos.pdf: 298722 bytes, checksum: fc0ed6363fc7b85dafddaa5be85d15aa (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Barbara Milbrath([email protected]) on 2011-12-29T21:56:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Síntese de novas amidas graxas a partir da aminólise de ésteres metílicos.pdf: 298722 bytes, checksum: fc0ed6363fc7b85dafddaa5be85d15aa (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2011-12-29T21:56:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Síntese de novas amidas graxas a partir da aminólise de ésteres metílicos.pdf: 298722 bytes, checksum: fc0ed6363fc7b85dafddaa5be85d15aa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010Recent biochemical and pharmacological studies have led to the characterization of different fatty acid amides as a new family of biologically active lipids. Here, we describe the synthesis of new amides from C16:0, 18:0, 18:1 and 18:1, OH fatty acids (FFA) families with cyclic and acyclic amines and demonstrate for the first time that these compounds produce citotoxic effects. Application of this method to the synthesis of fatty acid amides was performed using the esters aminolysis as a key step and various carboxylic amides were prepared in good yield from fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs)

Síntese de novas amidas graxas a partir da aminólise de ésteres metílicos

Recent biochemical and pharmacological studies have led to the characterization of different fatty acid amides as a new family of biologically active lipids. Here, we describe the synthesis of new amides from C16:0, 18:0, 18:1 and 18:1, OH fatty acids (FFA) families with cyclic and acyclic amines and demonstrate for the first time that these compounds produce citotoxic effects. Application of this method to the synthesis of fatty acid amides was performed using the esters aminolysis as a key step and various carboxylic amides were prepared in good yield from fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs)

Base/acid-catalyzed FAEE production from hydroxylated vegetable oils

In this study was developed a new methodology to produce fatty acid ethyl esters from castor oil. The base-catalyzed transesterification step was followed by on pot addition of sulfuric acid. That addition implicated the successful separation of FAEEs/glycerin phases due to soap breaking. The study was carried out through an experimental design where the variables studied in the first step were the molar ratio alcohol:oil and the catalyst amount in the transesterification process. As expected, the on pot addition of concentrated sulfuric acid yields FFAs that increase the acid value in the FAEEs phase. A second step esterification of these free fatty acids from FAEE raw mixture was investigated. The esterification of FFA was carried out in 60:1 and 80:1 M ratios (alcohol:free fatty acids) and concentrated sulfuric acid 5% and 10% w/w (based on free fatty acids). Consequently, these two steps yielded more fatty ethyl esters and assure that the following important requirements in the FAEEs production process from castor oil are satisfied: complete reaction, best separation of FAEEs/glycerin phases, removal of catalyst, limpid glycerin, and absence of free fatty acid