Measurement of the non-prompt D-meson fraction as a function of multiplicity in proton-proton collisions at s \sqrt{s} = 13 TeV

The fractions of non-prompt (i.e. originating from beauty-hadron decays) D0 and D+ mesons with respect to the inclusive yield are measured as a function of the charged-particle multiplicity in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of √s = 13 TeV with the ALICE detector at the LHC. The results are reported in intervals of transverse momentum (pT) and integrated in the range 1 < pT < 24 GeV/c. The fraction of non-prompt D0 and D+ mesons is found to increase slightly as a function of pT in all the measured multiplicity intervals, while no significant dependence on the charged- particle multiplicity is observed. In order to investigate the production and hadronisation mechanisms of charm and beauty quarks, the results are compared to PYTHIA 8 as well as EPOS 3 and EPOS 4 Monte Carlo simulations, and to calculations based on the colour glass condensate including three-pomeron fusion

Inclusive and multiplicity dependent production of electrons from heavy-flavour hadron decays in pp and p-Pb collisions

Measurements of the production of electrons from heavy-flavour hadron decays in pp collisions at root s = 13 TeV at midrapidity with the ALICE detector are presented down to a transverse momentum (p(T)) of 0.2 GeV/c and up to p(T) = 35 GeV/c, which is the largest momentum range probed for inclusive electron measurements in ALICE. In p-Pb collisions, the production cross section and the nuclear modification factor of electrons from heavy-flavour hadron decays are measured in the p(T) range 0.5 < p(T) < 26 GeV/c at root s(NN) = 8.16 TeV. The nuclear modification factor is found to be consistent with unity within the statistical and systematic uncertainties. In both collision systems, first measurements of the yields of electrons from heavy-flavour hadron decays in different multiplicity intervals normalised to the multiplicity-integrated yield (self-normalised yield) at midrapidity are reported as a function of the self-normalised charged-particle multiplicity estimated at midrapidity. The self-normalised yields in pp and p-Pb collisions grow faster than linear with the self-normalised multiplicity. A strong p(T) dependence is observed in pp collisions, where the yield of high-p(T) electrons increases faster as a function of multiplicity than the one of low-p(T) electrons. The measurement in p-Pb collisions shows no p(T) dependence within uncertainties. The self-normalised yields in pp and p-Pb collisions are compared with measurements of other heavy-flavour, light-flavour, and strange particles, and with Monte Carlo simulations

Elementos fenol?gicos para la silvicultura de Quassia amara en Talamanca, Costa Rica

Quassia amara is a tropical shrub used as a medicinal plant or natural insecticide, and whose silviculture for diversified forest management is studied by CATIE. In Costa Rica the species is found below 450 m.a.s.l. in areas where soils maintain their humidity all year round. Populations are denser in sunny areas, whereas in very rainy places, the shrub only grows at higher altitudes. During one year, growth, flower, fruit and seed production of Q. amara plants of a natural population in Talamanca, Costa Rica, were measured and related to topographic and light conditions. Shrubs produce flowers and fruits under all light conditions, but more intensively and during longer periods for shrubs with greater basal diameter (> 65 mm) and intermediate light exposure (20-80 percent of tree top receiving direct vertical light). Higher light exposure levels did not produce significant changes, but rather a tendency to decrease. Maximum averages were 1112 flowers and 135 fruits per shrub up until 180 phenological activity days. Topographic conditions had no effect on phenology but affected annual diametric increase; this was great for shrubs on mountain peaks or slope terraces. Diametric increase was greater for flowering shrubs under intermediate light exposure conditions or for non flowering shrubs with maximum light exposure (4.14 mm). Illumination control appears to be a fundamental factor for the species integration in diversified forest management

Manejo diversificado del bosque: aprovechamiento de bienes y servicios de la biodiversidad del bosque neotropical

2 ilus. 2 tab. 29 ref

An Assessment of raw materials used in the handicraft industry in Masaya and Masatepe, Nicaragua

1 ilus. 6 tab. 6 ref.El estudio se realiz? en los municipios de Masaya y Masatepe, Nicaragua, dos importantes ?reas de producci?n y comercializaci?n de artesan?as. Se realizaron encuestas entre propietarios de talleres de artesan?as de madera y fibra, intermediarios y vendedores del mercado de artesan?as de Masaya. La mayor?a de los talleres que trabajan con madera en Masaya son empresas peque?as con uno a cinco trabajadores. El intermediario es el principal agente de comercializaci?n, tanto de la materia prima usada por los talleres como de las artesan?as. Los productos se exportan a los pa?ses centroamericanos, principalmente a Costa Rica. El sector forestal debe prestar m?s atenci?n a la industria artesanal pues es una importante fuente consumidora de productos forestales que beneficia a los productores y les incentiva para el manejo y conservaci?n de sus bosques. The study was carried out in the municipalities of Masaya and Masatepe, Nicaragua two important crafts production and trading centers. Surveys were carried out among the workshop owners of wooden and fiber crafts, middlemen and salespersons within the crafts? market in Masaya. Most of the wooden crafts workshops in Masaya are small businesses with one to five workers. The middleman is the main commercialization agent of raw material used by the shops, as well as of the crafts. Crafts main destination is the Central American countries, especially Costa Rica. The forest sector should pay more attention to the handcraft industry, as an important consumer of forest products. This would benefit producers, encouraging them to the management and conservation of their tropical forests

Lineamientos para la planificaci?n del Bosque Modelo Reventaz?n,Costa Rica

Ilus. 1 tab. 22 ref.Este estudio tiene como prop?sito aportar lineamientos para la planificaci?n del Bosque Modelo Reventaz?n (BMR), en la cuenca del r?o Reventaz?n, Costa Rica. Se identificaron estrategias y mecanismos para facilitar la participaci?n de actores, detectar los principales problemas, potencialidades y las principales tendencias de cambio de los recursos naturales a largo plazo, definir los objetivos y la priorizaci?n de acciones del BMR. De la propuesta se resalta la importanc ia de la educaci?n, tema que sobresali? en varias etapas del estudio y debe pasar a ser uno de los pilares de la iniciativa del BMR, as? como la participaci?n de la sociedad. The present study aimed at developing planning guidelines for the establishment of the Reventaz?n Model Forest (RMF) in the Reventaz?n River watershed, Costa Rica. Strategies and mechanisms for the stakeholder?s participation were identified as well as the main problems and potentialities, the main trends of change for natural resources in the long term, and the objectives and actions prioritization for the RMF. During the process, education stood out as a leading issue, therefore it should become a priority of the RMF initiative, as well as mechanisms to foster the stakeholder participation

Uso de productos forestales en la Reserva Ind?gena Cab?car de Alto Chirrip?, Costa Rica

Ilus. 1 tab.El presente trabajo aporta una aproximaci?n al conocimiento de los productos forestales y sus usos por parte de los ind?genas cab?cares de cinco comunidades: Nimar?, Quetzal, Xuquebachari, Simiri?ac y Sharabata, describiendo las oportunidades y limitaciones para la conservaci?n, producci?n y comercializaci?n de los recursos del bosque. Por otro lado, la carencia de infraesructura b?sica como carreteras y medios de comunicaci?n se constituy? en la principal limitante identificada para el transporte y comercio de los productos provenientes de las comunidades ind?genas. This research is a contribution to the knowledge of forest products and there uses by five Cabecar comunities: Nimar?, Quetzal, Xuquebachari, Simiri?ac y Sharabata, describing the opportunities and limitations for the commercialization of forest resources. Nowadays, the deficiency of basic infrastructure such as roads and media constitute the main limitation for transport and commercialization of products of indigenous comunities

Estrategias de vida en comunidades ind?genas cab?cares de Alto Chirrip?, Costa Rica: incidencia en el aprovechamiento y comercializaci?n de productos forestales y agropecuarios

5 ilus. 5 tab. 34 ref. Tambi?n como: Serie Gesti?n Integrada de Recursos Naturales a Escala de Paisaje. no.