5 research outputs found
Increase in photosynthetic efficiency as a strategy of planktonic organisms exploiting deep lake layers
Simposio Internacional del Lago Titicaca-TDPS ... una responsabilidad compartida : documento prelilinar ponencias en resumen para compartir ...
Solar UVR-induced DNA damage and inhibition of photosynthesis in phytoplankton from Andean lakes of Argentina.
During January 1999, studies were carried out in temperate lakes of the Andean region of Argentina (41degreesS, 71degreesW) to determine the short-term effects of solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR, 280-400 nm) upon natural phytoplankton assemblages. Organisms from one 'clear' (Lake Moreno) and two 'opaque' lakes (Morenito and El Trebol) were exposed to different radiation regimes to assess photosynthesis inhibition and cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) accumulation/repair. UV-B caused significant DNA damage in organisms from 'opaque' lakes, especially those from Lake Morenito. Organisms from the 'clear' Lake Moreno, on the other hand, presented lower CPDs accumulation rates. UV-B had relatively low effects inhibiting photosynthesis in these opaque lakes (2 and 9.5 %, for lakes Morenito and El Trebol, respectively) and most of the inhibition was due to UV-A (75 and 71 % inhibition for lakes Morenito and El Trebol, respectively). In Lake Moreno, photosynthetic inhibition was 35 and 15 % for UV-A and UV-B, respectively. A number of causes seems to account for the different responses observed among phytoplankton assemblages, being one of the most important underwater radiation fields, and hence for the light acclimation history of cells. In addition, factors such as differences in type and effectiveness of the strategy used by the organisms to cope with solar UVR, as well as differences in the size structure and taxonomic composition of the community, are also important at the time to evaluate the overall impact of solar UVR in these lakes
Effects of UVB radiation on marine and freshwater organisms: a synthesis through meta-analysis
Tracking development assistance for health and for COVID-19: a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 204 countries and territories, 1990-2050
Background The rapid spread of COVID-19 renewed the focus on how health systems across the globe are financed, especially during public health emergencies. Development assistance is an important source of health financing in many low-income countries, yet little is known about how much of this funding was disbursed for COVID-19. We aimed to put development assistance for health for COVID-19 in the context of broader trends in global health financing, and to estimate total health spending from 1995 to 2050 and development assistance for COVID-19 in 2020. Methods We estimated domestic health spending and development assistance for health to generate total health-sector spending estimates for 204 countries and territories. We leveraged data from the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database to produce estimates of domestic health spending. To generate estimates for development assistance for health, we relied on project-level disbursement data from the major international development agencies' online databases and annual financial statements and reports for information on income sources. To adjust our estimates for 2020 to include disbursements related to COVID-19, we extracted project data on commitments and disbursements from a broader set of databases (because not all of the data sources used to estimate the historical series extend to 2020), including the UN Office of Humanitarian Assistance Financial Tracking Service and the International Aid Transparency Initiative. We reported all the historic and future spending estimates in inflation-adjusted 2020 US per capita, purchasing-power parity-adjusted US8. 8 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 8.7-8.8) or 40.4 billion (0.5%, 95% UI 0.5-0.5) was development assistance for health provided to low-income and middle-income countries, which made up 24.6% (UI 24.0-25.1) of total spending in low-income countries. We estimate that 13.7 billion was targeted toward the COVID-19 health response. 1.4 billion was repurposed from existing health projects. 2.4 billion (17.9%) was for supply chain and logistics. Only 1519 (1448-1591) per person in 2050, although spending across countries is expected to remain varied. Interpretation Global health spending is expected to continue to grow, but remain unequally distributed between countries. We estimate that development organisations substantially increased the amount of development assistance for health provided in 2020. Continued efforts are needed to raise sufficient resources to mitigate the pandemic for the most vulnerable, and to help curtail the pandemic for all. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd