Time cycles of homicide in the early modern Nordic area

An extensive body of criminological research has shown that criminal and violent behaviour manifests time patterns in terms of daily, weekly and annual cycles. This is consistent with criminological routine activities theory. Can we generalize these patterns to historical periods? In this article, we draw on a recently created unique dataset, covering the years 1608 to 1699 in three Nordic regions, to explore time cycles of offending in the early modern period. Examining daily, weekly and annual cycles, we find that lethal violence manifested strong time patterns in the early modern period. The role of public holidays was central especially in the period lasting from Christmas to Midsummer. Probing the role of key routines, we disaggregate the composition of homicide cycles by alcohol use and place of occurrence. The findings indicate that early modern homicide time cycles were associated with alcohol use and activities in private places (private homes, homesteads). We conclude by discussing the strengths and limitations of our data and by suggesting further research in the promising frontier of standardized long duration homicide research.Peer reviewe

What is a passive? The case of Finnish

Several previous authors have argued that Finnish lacks a true passive construction, and relabel the form ''indefinite,''''impersonal'' or ''suppressive'.' In this paper, we first devise a set of criteria for passives cross-linguistically; we then present syntactic and morphological evidence to show that the Finnish construction displays all the key features we would expect from a passive