Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

Tests to estimate the cooperation between confined concrete and column reinforcement up to compressive failure

The stability and strength of reinforced concrete columns confined by tangential external CFRP wrapping is studied. The plain and confined columns of slenderness λ = 66.7 and λ = 16 with or without longitudinal steel bar (with diameter 12 mm and 16 mm) reinforcement are tested. Two batches of concrete with different ultimate compressive strength are investigated

Tests to estimate the cooperation between confined concrete and column reinforcement up to compressive failure

The stability and strength of reinforced concrete columns confined by tangential external CFRP wrapping is studied. The plain and confined columns of slenderness λ = 66.7 and λ = 16 with or without longitudinal steel bar (with diameter 12 mm and 16 mm) reinforcement are tested. Two batches of concrete with different ultimate compressive strength are investigated

Confined Concrete Columns Stability with Longitudinal CFRP Reinforcement

The stability and strength of concrete columns confined by tangential CFRP wrapping and longitudinal external CFRP sheet is studied. Plain and confined columns of slenderness l = 40 are tested. Two batches of concrete with different ultimate compressive strengths 25 and 50 MPa are investigated. The total number of specimens is 24 (sixteen 300 mm high cylinders for material properties and eight 1500 mm high columns, all specimens with diameter 150 mm). Unconfined and with one and two CFRP sheet layers confined concrete columns are tested. Further longitudinal CFRP sheet in one and two layers are added on the confined columns. The theoretical prediction of ultimate strength and stability of columns coincides rather well with experimental results. It is concluded that additional external strengthening of CFRP confined concrete columns by attaching longitudinal CFRP sheets is efficient. The two methods applied lead to similar results, that the additional longitudinal reinforcement is efficient for improving stability of confined columns in region of moderate slenderness 3

Confined Concrete Columns Stability with Longitudinal CFRP Reinforcement

The stability and strength of concrete columns confined by tangential CFRP wrapping and longitudinal external CFRP sheet is studied. Plain and confined columns of slenderness l = 40 are tested. Two batches of concrete with different ultimate compressive strengths 25 and 50 MPa are investigated. The total number of specimens is 24 (sixteen 300 mm high cylinders for material properties and eight 1500 mm high columns, all specimens with diameter 150 mm). Unconfined and with one and two CFRP sheet layers confined concrete columns are tested. Further longitudinal CFRP sheet in one and two layers are added on the confined columns. The theoretical prediction of ultimate strength and stability of columns coincides rather well with experimental results. It is concluded that additional external strengthening of CFRP confined concrete columns by attaching longitudinal CFRP sheets is efficient. The two methods applied lead to similar results, that the additional longitudinal reinforcement is efficient for improving stability of confined columns in region of moderate slenderness 3