6 research outputs found

    Enhancing Effect of Îē-Lactoglobulin on the Rate of Cyclosporin Absorption

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    tic   The aim of this study was to determine the effects of Îē-lactoglobulin (Îē-LG) on the intestinal absorption of cyclosporin A (CsA) in vivo and in vitro. After intraduodenal co-administration of CsA (5 mg/kg) with 150 mg/kg Îē-LG, Tmax was significantly lower than that of control rats which were given the same dose of CsA without Îē-LG. Cmax and AUC were significantly increased as compared with the control while T1/2 were not significant. Moreover, a deconvolution method revealed that the rate of CsA absorption was enhanced by Îē-LG (150 mg/kg) by about 12 times. These results indicate that Îē-LG significantly enhanced the rate of CsA absorption and the extent of CsA bioavailability in the gut. Îē-LG did not change the solubility of CsA in vitro, but Îē-LG increased the apical-to-basolateral permeability clearance of CsA (PScell), with pronounced increase in the permeability of unbound CsA (PSu,cell), across the Caco-2 monolayers in a concentration-dependent manner in vitro.  It was thus considered that Îē-LG-mediated transport of CsA might be a possible mechanism to enhance the intestinal absorption of CsA in vivo

    Effect of Thiotriazinone Impurity on Insoluble Microparticle Generation Associated with Ceftriaxone-calcium Salt Precipitation in Original (RocephinÂŪ) and Japanese Generic Ceftriaxone Products 

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    This study examined the effect of thiotriazinone impurity on the generation of insoluble microparticles (IMPs) associated with ceftriaxone-calcium salt precipitation in original (RocephinÂŪ) and Japanese generic ceftriaxone (A; Sawai, B; Nichi-Iko) products when mixed with Ca2ïž‹ 4.3mEq/l. We found that the generation rate of IMPs associated with ceftriaxone-calcium salt precipitation among the three ceftriaxone products tested was in the order of generic (A)ïžœoriginalïžœgeneric (B), as assessed by light obscuration particle counting. Typically, after 60 min, one of the generic ceftriaxone (B)-calcium mixtures was highly opaque with numerous aggregates of milky-white precipitates, the original ceftriaxone-calcium mixture exhibited noticeable IMPs, and the second generic ceftriaxone (A)-calcium mixture was transparent. The levels of thiotriazinone contaminants, known to be a major impurity in ceftriaxone products, were determined by HPLC and found to be in the order of generic Aïžžoriginalïžžgeneric B. Moreover, the addition of a small amount of thiotriazinone into the generic ceftriaxone (B)-calcium mixture significantly decreased the amount of IMPs, suggesting that the impurity retards ceftriaxone-calcium crystal growth. We thus concluded that the thiotriazinone impurity acts as a suppressive factor of ceftriaxone-calcium salt precipitation, and that the high level of thiotriazinone impurity in the ceftriaxone (B) product could underlie its lowest rate of IMP generation when mixed with calcium. We thus recommend caution regarding the clinical risk of ceftriaxone-calcium compatibility due to impurity contamination in ceftriaxone products

    Pharmacological effects of Chatuphalatika in hyperuricemia of gout

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    Context: Chatuphalatika (CTPT), is a Thai herbal formulation mixture of Phyllanthus emblica Linn. (Euphorbiaceae), Terminalia belerica Linn. (Combretaceae), T. chebula and the fruit of T. arjuna (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. CTPT is considered to exert anti-inflammatory and antihyperuricemic effects, but there have been no reports to demonstrate these pharmacological effects in a quantitative manner. Objectives: To investigate the antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and antihyperuricemic effects of CTPT. Materials and methods: Antioxidant activities of CTPT extracts were measured in vitro by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays, and anti-inflammatory effect by measuring inflammatory mediator production induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in RAW264.7 macrophages. The mechanism of the hypouricemic effect was investigated using oxonate-induced hyperuricemic ddY mice treated with oral administrations of CTPT at 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg. Results: Antioxidant activities of CTPT measured by ABTS and FRAP assays were 1.35 g TEAC/g extract and 10.3 mmol/100 g extract, respectively. IC50 for the inhibition of DPPH radical was 13.8 Âĩg/mL. CTPT (10 Âĩg/mL) significantly downregulated the mRNA expression of TNF-Îą and iNOS in RAW 264.7 cells. Lineweaver–Burk analysis of the enzyme kinetics showed that CTPT inhibited xanthine oxidase (XOD) activity in a noncompetitive manner with the Ki of 576.9 Âĩg/mL. Oral administration of CTPT (1000 mg/kg) significantly suppressed uric acid production by inhibiting hepatic XOD activity, and decreased plasma uric acid levels in hyperuricemic mice by approximately 40% (p < 0.05). Conclusions: This study demonstrated for the first time the antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and antihyperuricemic effects of CTPT in vivo and in vitro, suggesting a possibility of using CTPT for the treatment of hyperuricemia in gout

    The Evaluation and Development of Computer-Assisted Instruction Program in Pharmacology of Asthma-āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļīāļĄāļīāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ‚āļ›āļĢāđāļāļĢāļĄāļ„āļ­āļĄāļžāļīāļ§āđ€āļ•āļ­āļĢāđŒāļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāļŠāļ­āļ™āđƒāļ™āļĢāļēāļĒāļ§āļīāļŠāļēāđ€āļ āļŠāđ‰āļŠāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļŦāļ·āļ”

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    AbstractObjective: To develop and evaluate the computer-assisted instructionprogram (CAI) in asthma pharmacology.Methods: Quasi-experimentaldesign was used to collect data related to the impact of CAI and hand-outself-study on students’ achievement in learning asthma pharmacology. The20 Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) students at Faculty of Pharmacy,Mahasarakham University were randomly allocated to 2 groups by drawinglots. Intervention group (n = 10) was provided a self-study CAI and controlgroup (n=10) was given a self-study handouts. The experiment wasconducted from November to December 2010. Between groups and withingrouppre-post comparisons on knowledge about asthma (30 questions)were carried out. Opinions on the learning process from both groups werealso obtained.Results: Post-test knowledge score in either group wassignificantly higher than its pre-test score (P = 0.005 in both groups).However, post-test scores between the two groups were not statisticallydifferent. In terms of participants’ opinion, it was found that opinion scoreson knowledge gained, self-study skills acquired and student satisfaction inthe intervention group were significantly greater than control group (P =0.044, = 0.018 and = 0.014, respectively). Students in study groupsuggested improve CAI in the following aspects: color setting, font size,and narration speed.Conclusion: Using CAI stimulates learning processand improves understanding in the learning subject. It could be analternative means of self-learning.Key words: computer-assisted instruction program, asthma, pharmacologyāļšāļ—āļ„āļąāļ”āļĒāđˆāļ­āļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒ: āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļĢāļđāđ‰āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ•āļ™āđ€āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ‚āļ›āļĢāđāļāļĢāļĄāļ„āļ­āļĄāļžāļīāļ§āđ€āļ•āļ­āļĢāđŒāļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāļŠāļ­āļ™ (computer-assisted instruction; CAI) āļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāđƒāļ™āļšāļ—āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļŦāļ·āļ”āļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāđāļšāļš quasi-experimental design āđƒāļŠāđ‰ CAI āđ€āļ›āļĢāļĩāļĒāļšāđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļšāļāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ€āļ­āļāļŠāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļ™āđƒāļ™āļ™āļīāļŠāļīāļ•āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāļŠāļąāļ™āđ‰ āļ›āļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆ 3 āļ„āļ“āļ°āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒ āļĄāļŦāļēāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĨāļąāļĒāļĄāļŦāļēāļŠāļēāļĢāļ„āļēāļĄ āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđāļ•āđˆāđ€āļ”āļ·āļ­āļ™āļžāļĪāļĻāļˆāļīāļāļēāļĒāļ™āļ–āļķāļ‡āļ˜āļąāļ™āļ§āļēāļ„āļĄ āļž.āļĻ. 2553 āđāļšāđˆāļ‡āļ™āļīāļŠāļīāļ•āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ 2 āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄ (āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡) āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļĨāļ° 10 āļ„āļ™ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļŠāļļāđˆāļĄāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ‡āđˆāļēāļĒ āđƒāļ™āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļ™āļīāļŠāļīāļ•āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļĢāļđāđ‰āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ•āļ™āđ€āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ€āļ­āļāļŠāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāđ€āļ™āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļŦāļēāđ€āļŦāļĄāļ·āļ­āļ™āđƒāļ™ CAI āļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāļđāđ‰āļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļĢāļđāđ‰āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ•āļ™āđ€āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđƒāļŠāđ‰ CAI āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļšāļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļˆāļēāļāļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ„āļģāļ–āļēāļĄāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđ‰āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āļ­āļšāļ–āļđāļāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡ (āļ—āļąāļ‡āđ‰ āļŦāļĄāļ” 30 āļ‚āđ‰āļ­) āđ€āļ›āļĢāļĩāļĒāļšāđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļšāļ„āļ°āđāļ™āļ™āļāđˆāļ­āļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ•āļ™āđ€āļ­āļ‡āđƒāļ™āđāļ•āđˆāļĨāļ°āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄ āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āđ€āļŠāļ™āļ­āđāļ™āļ°āļ•āđˆāļ­āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāļđāđ‰āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļĢāļđāđ‰āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ•āļ™āđ€āļ­āļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļ—āļąāļ‡āđ‰ āļŠāļ­āļ‡āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄ āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļĢāļđāđ‰āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ•āļ™āđ€āļ­āļ‡āļœāđˆāļēāļ™āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡ 2 āļŠāļ™āļīāļ” āļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļēāļ—āļąāļ‡āđ‰ āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ°āđāļ™āļ™āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļœāđˆāļēāļ™āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡ 2 āļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āļŠāļđāļ‡āļāļ§āđˆāļēāļāđˆāļ­āļ™āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ™āļąāļĒāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļī (P = 0.005 āļ—āļąāļ‡āđ‰ āļŠāļ­āļ‡āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄ) āđāļ•āđˆāļ„āļ°āđāļ™āļ™āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡ 2 āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāđ„āļĄāđˆāđāļ•āļāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļąāļ™ āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ„āļĢāļāđ‡āļ•āļēāļĄ āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āļ°āđāļ™āļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļđāļ‡āļāļ§āđˆāļēāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ™āļąāļĒāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāđƒāļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™ 1) āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđ‰āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļˆāļēāļāļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­ 2) āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļ—āļąāļāļĐāļ°āđāļāđ‰āļ›āļąāļāļŦāļēāļĄāļēāļāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™ āđāļĨāļ° 3) āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļžāļķāļ‡āļžāļ­āđƒāļˆāļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­ (P = 0.044, P = 0.018, P = 0.014 āļ•āļēāļĄāļĨāļģāļ”āļąāļš) āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŠāļ™āļ­āđāļ™āļ°āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļļāļ‡āđ‚āļ›āļĢāđāļāļĢāļĄāļ„āļ­āļĄāļžāļīāļ§āđ€āļ•āļ­āļĢāđŒāļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāļŠāļ­āļ™āđƒāļ™āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļĩ āļ‚āļ™āļēāļ”āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļąāļāļĐāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āđ„āļĄāđˆāļŠāļąāļ”āđ€āļˆāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ§āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ‡āļšāļĢāļĢāļĒāļēāļĒāđ€āļ™āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļŦāļē āļŠāļĢāļļāļ›: āđ‚āļ›āļĢāđāļāļĢāļĄāļ„āļ­āļĄāļžāļīāļ§āđ€āļ•āļ­āļĢāđŒāļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāļŠāļ­āļ™āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļāļĢāļ°āļ•āļļāđ‰āļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļĢāļđāđ‰āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđ‰āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāđƒāļˆ āļˆāļķāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ­āļĩāļāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļāļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāļđāđ‰āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļĢāļđāđ‰āđāļĨāļ°āļ—āļšāļ—āļ§āļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ•āļ™āđ€āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļģāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļ : āđ‚āļ›āļĢāđāļāļĢāļĄāļ„āļ­āļĄāļžāļīāļ§āđ€āļ•āļ­āļĢāđŒāļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāļŠāļ­āļ™, āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļŦāļ·āļ”, āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒ
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