Investigation into the environment and temperature dependent nanomechanical properties of the shallow water shrimp - (Penaeus spp.) exoskeleton

This investigation focuses on understanding the influence of change in wet to dry environment and change in temperature from room temperature to 80°C on nanomechanical properties of fresh water shrimp exoskeleton. Scanning electron microscopy based measurements suggest that the shrimp exoskeleton has the Bouligand structure in its layers, a key characteristic of the crustaceans. The thickness of the layers and packing density is found to be different than that of lobsters and crabs reported earlier in the literature. As expected, the wet samples are found to be softer than dry samples. The reduced modulus values of dry samples are found to be around 26 GPa as compared to be ~5 GPa in the case of wet samples. Similarly the hardness values are found to be ~1 GPa in the case of dry samples as compared to the corresponding values being ~0.2 GPa in the case of wet samples. In order to simulate the influence of underwater pressure on the exoskeleton strength, constant load creep experiments as a function of wet and dry environment are performed. Effect of increased temperature on the properties is also analyzed in terms of creep mechanisms. Both reduced modulus and hardness values show a decrease with increase in the temperature. The reduced modulus values are found to be around 28 GPa at 30°C that reduces to ~24 GPa at 80°C. The hardness values also decrease from 1.6 GPa at 30°C to ~1.2 GPa at 80°C. The switch in deformation mechanism as function of environment is explained based on the role played by water molecules in assisting interface slip and increased ductility of matrix material in the fiber/matrix and deformation

Profile of Selected Anthropometric Variables of Weight Category of -56 Kg to -60 Kg of Top-Class Indian Judokas

The purpose of the study was to prepare the profile of selected anthropometric variables of 20 athletes who had competed at the national level comprised only male players from Madhya Pradesh who were between the ages of 18 and 25 and who were residents of Madhya Pradesh. Each of these athletes was a native of the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. All the anthropometric measurements were measured to the 1/10th of the centimeter. Non-stretchable measuring tape were used to measure the length. Results of the study showed that in anthropometric variables sitting height was lowest in -56 kg to -60 kg. Leg length was lowest in -56 kg to -60 kg. Shoulder width was lowest in -56 kg to -60 kg. Upper arm circumference was lowest in -56 kg to -60 kg. Forearm circumference was medium in -56 kg to -60 kg. Chest circumference was lowest in -56 kg to -60 kg. Thigh circumference lowest in -56 kg to -60 kg. Calf circumference lowest in -56 kg to -60 kg. Thus, height and skinfold thickness are mostly differentiated between heavier and lighter groups, but bone breadths and circumferences are the primary differentiators between weight categories

SWOC analysis of Indian Educational Rating Agencies

Accreditation is the most widely used method of external quality assurance. Accreditation agency evaluates the quality of a higher education institution. A Rating is an estimation based (Accreditation) on the available information at particular period of time. In this paper we focus on two national education rating agencies i.e. NAAC and NBA

Twin reversed arterial perfusion in twin pregnancy

An interesting case of twin reversed arterial perfusion “TRAP” from a larger apparently normal pump twin with VACTERL abnormality; to smaller structurally abnormal twin in a monoamniotic monochorionic twin pregnancy resulting in fetal demise with subsequent termination of pregnancy. Defect in early embryogenesis leads to such rare multiple presentations