Exercise and the cytokines-interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-? (TNF-?): A review: Exercise and the cytokines, IL-6, TNF-?

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-? (TNF-?) were one of the first few cytokines to be discovered. The normative data for levels of cytokines IL-6 and TNF-? in particular and all other cytokines in general have not yet been established well. The normal levels for each of the cytokines vary from one race to another. Therefore, all studies need to be done in cases and controls belonging to the same race or same populations. The kits for cytokine assays are expensive and running the assays is laborious and time consuming. It is recommended that the serum/plasma samples are run in duplicates and triplicates to avoid error. Immunology and the field of cytokines is an area which has many domains unexplored. As yet, it is not clearly understood by what mechanisms and pathways each of the cytokines alter the levels of other cytokines. Exercise or physical activity is an intervention which can be administered easily and levels of cytokines measured before and after intervention in same individuals taking all the above mentioned factors into consideration. Hence it is imperative that we look into studies on exercise and cytokines to do further research in the field of cytokines

COMPARISON BETWEEN PRE-PRANDIAL AND POST-PRANDIAL HEART RATE VARIABILITY (HRV)

Abstract : After food ingestion, peptides are released in GIT, which cause local vasodilatation. Therefore, after meals, redistribution of blood occurs b e c a u s e o f s h i f t i n g o f l a r g e a m o u n t s o f b l o o d i n t o G I T . I n n o r m a l individuals, this is well compensated and does not lead to post-prandial hypotension. The mechanism of post-prandial hypotension is well known. We hypothesized that there may be a decrease in parasympathetic activity (tone) after meals to compensate for the change in blood distribution. We carried out the study to find out the changes in the autonomic tone before and after meals (lunch) in normal individuals, using Heart Rate Variability ( H R V ) . F r o m t h e s e r i e s o f R R i n t e r v a l s m a r k e d , t h e t i m e d o m a i n a n d f r e q u e n c y d o m a i n m e a s u r e s o f H R V w e r e o b t a i n e d u s i n g N e v r o k a r d software (version 6.4). Continuous ECG was recorded in 15 healthy adult subjects (mean age 29.06 ± 6.2; 13 males and 2 females). The ECG was r e c o r d e d i n p r e -p r a n d i a l a n d p o s t -p r a n d i a l s t a t e f o r a p e r i o d o f f i v e minutes each as follows: (1) just before the subjects had lunch, (2) 15 minutes after lunch, (3) 1 hour after lunch, and (4) 2 hours after lunch. T i m e d o m a i n a n d f r e q u e n c y d o m a i n m e a s u r e s o f H R V w e r e c o m p a r e d between pre-prandial state and rest of post-prandial states. The autonomic t o n e p a r a m e t e r s d i d n o t s h o w a s i g n i f i c a n t c h a n g e b e t w e e n t h e p r ep r a n d i a l s t a t e a n d t h e i m m e d i a t e p o s t -p r a n d i a l s t a t e . [ R a n g e , i . e . , t h e difference between the maximum and minimum RR intervals (406 ± 161.14 v s . 4 1 6 . 6 6 ± 1 2 5 ) , s t a n d a r d - Synopsis : Ambarish et al studied the changes in autonomic activity (tone) using heart rate variability (HRV) after feeding. Parasympathetic and sympathetic tone was studied in 15 healthy adult subjects before and after lunch. No significant change was seen in both when the autonomic tone parameters were compared. But the authors propose that HRV can be used to detect autonomic neuropathy in diabetics at a very early stage, by c o m p a r i n g p r e -p r a n d i a l a n d p o s t p r a n d i a l H R V

Exercise and the cytokines-interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-): A review Article history Abstract

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were one of the first few cytokines to be discovered. The normative data for levels of cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α in particular and all other cytokines in general have not yet been established well. The normal levels for each of the cytokines vary from one race to another. Therefore, all studies need to be done in cases and controls belonging to the same race or same populations. The kits for cytokine assays are expensive and running the assays is laborious and time consuming. It is recommended that the serum/plasma samples are run in duplicates and triplicates to avoid error. Immunology and the field of cytokines is an area which has many domains unexplored. As yet, it is not clearly understood by what mechanisms and pathways each of the cytokines alter the levels of other cytokines. Exercise or physical activity is an intervention which can be administered easily and levels of cytokines measured before and after intervention in same individuals taking all the above mentioned factors into consideration. Hence it is imperative that we look into studies on exercise and cytokines to do further research in the field of cytokines