Spot assay of lytic phages on the MDR-bacteria from septic wounds.

<p><b>Spot assay of lytic phages on the lawn of MDR-bacterial isolates</b>. A. Spot assay of phage MDR-SA1 on the lawn of multi-drug resistant <i>S</i>. <i>aureus</i>. B. Spot assay of phage MDR-PA4 on the lawn of multi-drug resistant <i>P</i>. <i>aeruginosa</i>. C. Spot assay of phage MDR-KP1 on the lawn of multi-drug resistant <i>K</i>. <i>pneumoniae</i>. D. Spot assay of phage MDR-EC3 on the lawn of multi-drug resistant <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i>.</p

Sex distribution of bacterial isolates from septic wounds.

<p>Sex distribution of bacterial isolates from septic wounds.</p

Isolation and <i>in vitro</i> evaluation of bacteriophages against MDR-bacterial isolates from septic wound infections

<div><p>Multi-drug resistance has become a major problem for the treatment of pathogenic bacterial infections. The use of bacteriophages is an attractive approach to overcome the problem of drug resistance in several pathogens that cause fatal diseases. Our study aimed to isolate multi drug resistant bacteria from patients with septic wounds and then isolate and apply bacteriophages <i>in vitro</i> as alternative therapeutic agents. Pus samples were aseptically collected from Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Medical Science (RIMS), Kadapa, A.P., and samples were analyzed by gram staining, evaluating morphological characteristics, and biochemical methods. MDR-bacterial strains were collected using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method against a variety of antibiotics. Bacteriophages were collected and tested <i>in vitro</i> for lytic activity against MDR-bacterial isolates. Analysis of the pus swab samples revealed that the most of the isolates detected had <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> as the predominant bacterium, followed by <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> and <i>Escherichia coli</i>. Our results suggested that gram-negative bacteria were more predominant than gram-positive bacteria in septic wounds; most of these isolates were resistant to ampicillin, amoxicillin, penicillin, vancomycin and tetracycline. All the gram-positive isolates (100%) were multi-drug resistant, whereas 86% of the gram-negative isolates had a drug resistant nature. Further bacteriophages isolated from sewage demonstrated perfect lytic activity against the multi-drug resistant bacteria causing septic wounds. <i>In vitro</i> analysis of the isolated bacteriophages demonstrated perfect lysis against the corresponding MDR-bacteria, and these isolated phages may be promising as a first choice for prophylaxis against wound sepsis, Moreover, phage therapy does not enhance multi-drug resistance in bacteria and could work simultaneously on a wide variety of MDR-bacteria when used in a bacteriophage cocktail. Hence, our results suggest that these bacteriophages could be potential therapeutic options for treating septic wounds caused by <i>P</i>. <i>aeruginosa</i>, <i>S</i>. <i>aureus</i>, <i>K</i>. <i>pneumoniae</i> and <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i>.</p></div

Wound type with significant bacterial type.

<p>Wound type with significant bacterial type.</p

Predominant bacterial isolates from septic wound patients.

<p>Predominant bacterial isolates from septic wound patients.</p

Percentage of multi-drug resistance against a variety of antibiotics in septic wound causing bacteria.

<p>Percentage of multi-drug resistance against a variety of antibiotics in septic wound causing bacteria.</p

Age distribution of patients with significant bacterial growth.

<p>Age distribution of patients with significant bacterial growth.</p

Effect of bacteriophages on the respective bacteria <i>in vitro</i>.

<p>Reduction of bacterial growth by corresponding phages compared with control. A. MDR-KP1 (control), phage KP DP1 at m.o.i 1 and 10 (test). B. MDR-SA1 (control), phage SA DP1 at m.o.i 1.</p

Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of predominant bacterial isolates from septic wounds at RIMS, Kadapa.

<p>Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of predominant bacterial isolates from septic wounds at RIMS, Kadapa.</p