Effect of foliar spray of vermiwash on response of inoculation of two different AM fungi in <i>Capsicum assamicum</i> under pot conditions.

<p>Values are means ± standard errors of nine biological replicates. Values within a column not followed by the same letter are statistically.</p><p>different (p<0.05). *Measured as SPAD value using chlorophyll meter (SPAD 502 Plus; Konica Minolta, Japan).</p><p>N- Nitrogen; P- Phosphorus; K- Potassium; C- Carbon; Na- Sodium; Ca- Calcium.</p

Physico-chemical properties of the soil and vermiwash used in the study.

<p>*Mean ± standard error (n = 3). **Values in ppm.</p

The AMF colonization in the roots (A) and spore count in rhizospheric soil (B).

<p>RI- <i>Rhizophagus irregularis,</i> GM- <i>G. mosseae,</i> VW- vermiwash. Values are means of nine biological replicates. Bar shows standard error of mean (SEM). Different letters on the column represent significant difference (<i>p</i>< 0.05) based on LSD test.</p

Mycorrhizal growth dependency of <i>C. assamicum</i>.

<p>RI- <i>Rhizophagus irregularis,</i> GM- <i>G. mosseae,</i> VW- vermiwash. Values are means of nine biological replicates. Bar shows SEM. Different letters on the column represent significant difference (<i>p</i> < 0.05) based on LSD test.</p

Diversity of Cultivable Midgut Microbiota at Different Stages of the Asian Tiger Mosquito, <i>Aedes albopictus</i> from Tezpur, India

<div><p><i>Aedes aegypti</i> and <i>Ae</i>. <i>albopictus</i> are among the most important vectors of arboviral diseases, worldwide. Recent studies indicate that diverse midgut microbiota of mosquitoes significantly affect development, digestion, metabolism, and immunity of their hosts. Midgut microbiota has also been suggested to modulate the competency of mosquitoes to transmit arboviruses, malaria parasites etc. Interestingly, the midgut microbial flora is dynamic and the diversity changes with the development of vectors, in addition to other factors such as species, sex, life-stage, feeding behavior and geographical origin. The aim of the present study was to investigate the midgut bacterial diversity among larva, adult male, sugar fed female and blood fed female <i>Ae</i>. <i>albopictus</i> collected from Tezpur, Northeastern India. Based on colony morphological characteristics, we selected 113 cultivable bacterial isolates for 16S rRNA gene sequence based molecular identification. Of the 113 isolates, we could identify 35 bacterial species belonging to 18 distinct genera under four major phyla, namely Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Phyla Proteobacteria and Firmicutes accounted for majority (80%) of the species, while phylum Actinobacteria constituted 17% of the species. Bacteroidetes was the least represented phylum, characterized by a single species- <i>Chryseobacterium rhizoplanae</i>, isolated from blood fed individuals. Dissection of midgut microbiota diversity at different developmental stages of <i>Ae</i>. <i>albopictus</i> will be helpful in better understanding mosquito-borne diseases, and for designing effective strategies to manage mosquito-borne diseases.</p></div

Occurrence of identified bacterial species from the midgut of A. sugar fed female, B. blood fed female, C. male and D. larvae <i>Ae</i>. <i>albopictus</i>.

<p>Occurrence of identified bacterial species from the midgut of A. sugar fed female, B. blood fed female, C. male and D. larvae <i>Ae</i>. <i>albopictus</i>.</p

Diversity indices, total taxa, and Good’s coverage of midgut bacterial isolates of <i>Ae</i>. <i>albopictus</i> from different life stages.

<p>Diversity indices, total taxa, and Good’s coverage of midgut bacterial isolates of <i>Ae</i>. <i>albopictus</i> from different life stages.</p

Abundance of identified bacterial species belonging to their respective family isolated from the midgut of adult sugar fed female, blood fed female, male and larvae of <i>Aedes albopictus</i>.

<p>Abundance of identified bacterial species belonging to their respective family isolated from the midgut of adult sugar fed female, blood fed female, male and larvae of <i>Aedes albopictus</i>.</p

Abundance of identified bacterial species belonging to their respective phylum isolated from the midgut of adult sugar fed female, blood fed female, male, and larvae of <i>Aedes albopictus</i>.

<p>Abundance of identified bacterial species belonging to their respective phylum isolated from the midgut of adult sugar fed female, blood fed female, male, and larvae of <i>Aedes albopictus</i>.</p

Phylogenetic analysis of bacterial isolates from midgut of <i>Ae</i>. <i>albopictus</i>.

<p>Phylogenetic tree based on partial 16S rRNA gene sequences, reconstructed through neighbor joining algorithm using Kimura 2 distance parameter method. The percentage bootstrap values obtained with 1000 replications are denoted at branch node.</p