1,133 research outputs found
Involvement of Norepinephrine in the Control of Activity and Attentive Processes in Animal Models of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Functional and morphological studies in
children affected by Attention Deficit Hyperactivity
Disorder (ADHD) suggest a prefrontal
cortex (PFc) dysfunction. This cortical region is
regulated by subcortical systems including noradrenergic
(NEergic), dopaminergic (DAergic),
cholinergic, serotonergic, and histaminergic pathways.
A wealth of data in humans and in animal
models demonstrates altered dopamine (DA)
regulation. Drugs that modulate norepinephrine
(NE) transmission are also effective in ADHD
patients, thus leading to the hypothesis of a
NEergic disorder. This review covers the
regulation of PFc functions by NE and the
interaction between the NE and DA systems, as
suggested by pharmacological, electrophysiological,
morphological, and gene knock out (KO)
studies. A negative feedback between NE and DA
neurons emerges from KO studies because KO
mice showing increased (NE transporter (NET)
KO) or decreased (DBH and VMAT2 KO) NE
levels are respectively associated with lower and
higher DA levels. Locomotor activity can be
generally predicted by the DA level, whereas
sensitivity to amphetamines is by NE/DA balance.
Some animal models of ADHD, such as
spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), show
alterations in the PFc and in the DA system.
Evidence about a correlation between the NE
system and hyper-locomotion activity in such
animals has not yet been clarified. Therefore, this
review also includes recent evidence on the
behavioral effects of two NET blockers,
reboxetine and atomoxetine, in two animal models
of ADHD: SHR and Naples High Excitability rats.
As these drugs modulate the DA level in the PFc,
certain effects are likely to be due to a rebalanced
DA system. We discuss the significance of the
results for theories of ADHD and make
suggestions for future experimentation
Chromaticity Matrix to Tristimulus Matrix Conversion for RGB Color Spaces â Even In the Dark
Two methods to transform primary chromaticities and white point into primary tristimulus values are examined and compared. One method appears in numerous places in the literature; we refer to this as the familiar\u27\u27 method, and provide a novel interpretation of it. The second is much less well-known and is referred to as the unfamiliar\u27\u27 method. Necessary and sufficient conditions for computing primary tristimulus values from their chromaticities are identified; in brief, the triangle in the (x,y) chromaticity diagram must have non-zero area. The computational burdens for the methods were compared; the familiar method required slightly more arithmetical operations. Two problems with the familiar method were identified: high potential for rounding error and the inability to contend with a non-luminous primary. The unfamiliar method is less prone to rounding error, and is able to contend with primaries on the alychne. It is recommended that the unfamiliar method be preferred
Relative Impact of Key Rendering Parameters on Perceived Quality of VR Imagery Captured by the Facebook Surround 360 Camera
High quality, 360 capture for Cinematic VR is a relatively new and rapidly evolving technology. The field demands very high quality, distortion- free 360 capture which is not possible with cameras that depend on fish- eye lenses for capturing a 360 field of view. The Facebook Surround 360 Camera, one of the few âplayersâ in this space, is an open-source license design that Facebook has released for anyone that chooses to build it from oïŹ-the-shelf components and generate 8K stereo output using open-source licensed rendering software. However, the components are expensive and the system itself is extremely demanding in terms of computer hardware and software. Because of this, there have been very few implementations of this design and virtually no real deployment in the field. We have implemented the system, based on Facebookâs design, and have been testing and deploying it in various situations; even generating short video clips. We have discovered in our recent experience that high quality, 360 capture comes with its own set of new challenges. As an example, even the most fundamental tools of photography like âexposureâ become diïŹcult because one is always faced with ultra-high dynamic range scenes (one camera is pointing directly at the sun and the others may be pointing to a dark shadow). The conventional imaging pipeline is further complicated by the fact that the stitching software has diïŹerent eïŹects on various as- pects of the calibration or pipeline optimization. Most of our focus to date has been on optimizing the imaging pipeline and improving the qual- ity of the output for viewing in an Oculus Rift headset. We designed a controlled experiment to study 5 key parameters in the rendering pipelineâ black level, neutral balance, color correction matrix (CCM), geometric calibration and vignetting. By varying all of these parameters in a combinatorial manner, we were able to assess the relative impact of these parameters on the perceived image quality of the output.
Our results thus far indicate that the output image quality is greatly influenced by the black level of the individual cameras (the Facebook cam- era comprised of 17 cameras whose output need to be stitched to obtain a 360 view). Neutral balance is least sensitive. We are most confused about the results we obtain from accurately calculating and applying the CCM for each individual camera. We obtained improved results by using the average of the matrices for all cameras. Future work includes evaluating the eïŹects of geometric calibration and vignetting on quality
Modeling the Color of Multi-Colored Halftones
ABSTRACT A mathematical model which provides the relationship between the dot areas of a combination of halftone patterns and the color produced by such multi-colored halftone patterns is disclosed. Such a model has application in calibration of digital color systems, digital picture exchange, and the simulation of "spot color" using process color techniques. The new model is an extension of the Spectral Yule-Nielsen model described by this author at a previous TAGA conference. It provides greater accuracy than the Neugebauer model, either with or without the Yule-Nielsen correction. Experimental verification of the Demichel dot overlap model is presented. The Demichel model was found to be accurate for halftone patterns superimposed at a 30 degree orientation. The new model provides an acceptable level of accuracy for many applications. In an experimental evaluation, many predictions of the new model were sufficiently close to measured color so as to be indistinguishable to a human observer
The WKB Approximation without Divergences
In this paper, the WKB approximation to the scattering problem is developed
without the divergences which usually appear at the classical turning points. A
detailed procedure of complexification is shown to generate results identical
to the usual WKB prescription but without the cumbersome connection formulas.Comment: 13 pages, TeX file, to appear in Int. J. Theor. Phy
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