177 research outputs found

    Role of mitochondria in Parkinson disease

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    The cause of the selective degeneration of nigrostriatal neurons in Parkinson disease (PD) has remained largely unknown. Exceptions include rare missense mutations in the alpha-synuclein gene on chromosome 4, a potentially pathogenic mutation affecting the ubiquitin pathway, and mutations in the parkin gene on chromosome 6. However, unlike classical PD, the latter syndrome is not associated with the formation of typical Lewy bodies. In contrast, a biochemical defect of complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain has been described in a relatively large group of confirmed PD cases. Recent cybrid studies indicate that the complex I defect in PD has a genetic cause and that it may arise from mutations in the mitochondrial DNA, Sequence analysis of the mitochondrial genome supports the view that mitochondrial point mutations are involved in PD pathogenesis. However, although mitochondria function as regulators in several known forms of cell death, their exact involvement in PD has remained unresolved. This is of relevance because classical apoptosis does not appear to play a major role in the degeneration of the parkinsonian nigra

    Š ŠµŠ³Š»Š°Š¼ŠµŠ½Ń‚Š°Ń†Šøя Š±ŠøŠ·Š½ŠµŃ-ŠæрŠ¾Ń†ŠµŃŃŠ¾Š² Š¾Ń€Š³Š°Š½ŠøŠ·Š°Ń†ŠøŠø с ŠøсŠæŠ¾Š»ŃŒŠ·Š¾Š²Š°Š½ŠøŠµŠ¼ Business Studio

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    Š’ рŠ°Š±Š¾Ń‚Šµ рŠ°ŃŃŠ¼Š¾Ń‚Ń€ŠµŠ½Ń‹ Š¾ŃŠ¾Š±ŠµŠ½Š½Š¾ŃŃ‚Šø ŠæрŠøŠ¼ŠµŠ½ŠµŠ½Šøя Š³Ń€Š°Ń„ŠøчŠµŃŠŗŠøх Š¼ŠµŃ‚Š¾Š“Š¾Š² Š¼Š¾Š“ŠµŠ»ŠøрŠ¾Š²Š°Š½Šøя Š² ŠŗŠ¾Š¼ŠæŠ°Š½ŠøŠø Š³Š°Š·Š¾Š²Š¾Š¹ Š¾Ń‚Ń€Š°ŃŠ»Šø Š“Š»Ń рŠµŠ³Š»Š°Š¼ŠµŠ½Ń‚Š°Ń†ŠøŠø Š±ŠøŠ·Š½ŠµŃ-ŠæрŠ¾Ń†ŠµŃŃŠ¾Š² Š²ŠµŃ€Ń…Š½ŠµŠ³Š¾ урŠ¾Š²Š½Ń. Š Š°Š·Ń€Š°Š±Š¾Ń‚Š°Š½Š° Š³Ń€Š°Ń„ŠøчŠµŃŠŗŠ°Ń Š¼Š¾Š“ŠµŠ»ŃŒ Š¾Ń‚Ń€Š°ŃŠ»ŠµŠ²Š¾Š³Š¾ Š±ŠøŠ·Š½ŠµŃ-ŠæрŠ¾Ń†ŠµŃŃŠ° Š² сŠøстŠµŠ¼Šµ Business Studio с ŠøсŠæŠ¾Š»ŃŒŠ·Š¾Š²Š°Š½ŠøŠµŠ¼ Š½Š¾Ń‚Š°Ń†ŠøŠø IDEF0 Šø Š¾ŠæŠøсŠ°Š½ ŠæŠ¾Ń‚ŠµŠ½Ń†ŠøŠ°Š» ŠµŠµ ŠøсŠæŠ¾Š»ŃŒŠ·Š¾Š²Š°Š½Šøя.The paper considers the features of using graphical modeling methods in the gas industry company for regulating top-level business processes. A graphical model of the industry-specific business process in the Business Studio system using IDEF0 notation is developed and the potential of its use is described

    Audio application as a mean of Chinese studentsā€™ e-learning

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    Presents an audio application for Chinese students taking preliminary mathematics courses taught in Russian and aspiring to get higher education in Russia. The audiovisual materials provided help to develop foreign studentsā€™ listening comprehension skills, deepening their knowledge both in the Russian language and mathematics. Audio application can be used without teachersā€™ guidance

    Role of Basal Ganglia Circuits in Resisting Interference by Distracters: A swLORETA Study

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    BACKGROUND: The selection of task-relevant information requires both the focalization of attention on the task and resistance to interference from irrelevant stimuli. Both mechanisms rely on a dorsal frontoparietal network, while focalization additionally involves a ventral frontoparietal network. The role of subcortical structures in attention is less clear, despite the fact that the striatum interacts significantly with the frontal cortex via frontostriatal loops. One means of investigating the basal ganglia's contributions to attention is to examine the features of P300 components (i.e. amplitude, latency, and generators) in patients with basal ganglia damage (such as in Parkinson's disease (PD), in which attention is often impaired). Three-stimulus oddball paradigms can be used to study distracter-elicited and target-elicited P300 subcomponents. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In order to compare distracter- and target-elicited P300 components, high-density (128-channel) electroencephalograms were recorded during a three-stimulus visual oddball paradigm in 15 patients with early PD and 15 matched healthy controls. For each subject, the P300 sources were localized using standardized weighted low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (swLORETA). Comparative analyses (one-sample and two-sample t-tests) were performed using SPM5Ā® software. The swLORETA analyses showed that PD patients displayed fewer dorsolateral prefrontal (DLPF) distracter-P300 generators but no significant differences in target-elicited P300 sources; this suggests dysfunction of the DLPF cortex when the executive frontostriatal loop is disrupted by basal ganglia damage. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our results suggest that the cortical attention frontoparietal networks (mainly the dorsal one) are modulated by the basal ganglia. Disruption of this network in PD impairs resistance to distracters, which results in attention disorders

    European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders. Part II: pharmacological treatment

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    To develop a European guideline on pharmacologic treatment of Tourette syndrome (TS) the available literature was thoroughly screened and extensively discussed by a working group of the European Society for the Study of Tourette syndrome (ESSTS). Although there are many more studies on pharmacotherapy of TS than on behavioral treatment options, only a limited number of studies meets rigorous quality criteria. Therefore, we have devised a two-stage approach. First, we present the highest level of evidence by reporting the findings of existing Cochrane reviews in this field. Subsequently, we provide the first comprehensive overview of all reports on pharmacological treatment options for TS through a MEDLINE, PubMed, and EMBASE search for all studies that document the effect of pharmacological treatment of TS and other tic disorders between 1970 and November 2010. We present a summary of the current consensus on pharmacological treatment options for TS in Europe to guide the clinician in daily practice. This summary is, however, rather a status quo of a clinically helpful but merely low evidence guideline, mainly driven by expert experience and opinion, since rigorous experimental studies are scarce

    Epidemiology and etiology of Parkinsonā€™s disease: a review of the evidence

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