7 research outputs found

    Information Retrieval with the Help of Geographic Information Systems

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    Digital geo-information is already an important resource for many jobs and every day life. Through initiatives such as INSPIRE, its presence will grow even more in the years to come. Consequently, many curricula for secondary education mandate students to learn how to use geographic information systems (GIS), the key technological basis for dealing with digital geo-information. This paper reviews current research and theoretical considerations regarding the competencies needed for retrieving information with the help of GIS, as well as some of their cognitive foundations, as a basis for building a competency model.Peer Reviewe

    Exploring the effects of GIS use on students' achievement in geography

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    Technologies based on Geographic Information System (GIS) are widely used in society and are increasingly being integrated into school curricula and practice. Many claims have been made that the use of GIS in class has positive effects on a wide range of achievement and affective variables. However, empirical evidence for that, especially in the German situation, has been scarce. Systemic thinking has been central to the guiding objective of German geography education for many years and constitutes an important contribution to prepare students for life in a complex world. Yet, so far, specific test instruments and studies elucidating factors that help students improve this competency have been far from extensive. This dissertation aims at exploring the influence of a short ‘working with GIS’ vs. ‘working with maps’ unit on students’ achievement in geography, specifically, the systemic thinking competency. Based on literature a definition of geographic systemic thinking and an associated competency model were developed. In total, three one test time and two pre-/posttest with control group studies were conducted to develop test instruments and a treatment as well as to study the question at hand. The treatment used the topic ‘tourism in Kenya’. Partly Desktop-, partly Web-based GIS versions were used. In study 5, there were two different types of materials, which contained parallel contents/tasks. While one used an overview sheet of relevant GIS functionality (‘old’), the other integrated more step-by-step instruction directly into the text (‘new’). Variables included were systemic thinking, sex, age, stream/type of geography study/pre-score, grade/semester, language and migration background, pre-experience, affective variables, pre-basic spatial thinking skills, treatment and material type. Not all variables were used in every study. The largest study (study 5) used the results of 932 seventh grade students for analyses. The sample contains both high and middle stream students from three German federal states. The study highlights issues such as e.g. test time constraints, open task coding, partly ceiling effects and item difficulties partly deviant from the model expectations. For the analyses, both raw average scores and WLE estimates obtained by a Rasch analysis are used. Additionally, based on the WLE scores, HLMs are calculated. Overall, in study 5 GIS students do not improve pre- to posttest in systemic thinking. Consequently, GIS has no positive, and partly a significantly negative impact compared to maps, e.g. in a HLM with all other variables having significant effects included. Results for material type are mixed. For instance, on the one hand, t-tests show no significant difference in pre-posttest-change between students working with ‘old’ and ‘new’ WebGIS materials. On the other hand, the overall HLMs with other variables included show a significant negative effect only for the ‘old’ but not for the ‘new’ WebGIS materials. Only 23 students could be included in the ‘having already worked with an educational GIS’-sub-group (vs. 520). The improvement of these students pre- to posttest is not significant, but has an effect size above 0.2. A calculation with the ‘no pre-experience’ sub-group being reduced to students with similar characteristics (e.g. in terms of stream, GIS type) leads to 19 vs. 84 students and similar results. In both cases, students with pre-experience perform not significantly, but with an effect size above 0.2, better than students without pre-experience. Overall, the results could hint at students needing more pre-experience so as to not have so much mental capacity tied to getting used to the software and being able to concentrate more on the system interrelationships. However, due to the sample characteristics and study design, this cannot be proven by the present data and thus needs to be explored in further studies. Other variables (age, sex, migration and language background, stream, pre-score, pre-spatial thinking score) show mixed results depending on the analysis method used. This underlines the impact of methodological choices and the need for large sample studies in order to be able to take a closer look at individual sub-groups. Furthermore, the HLM results point to not all influencing variables having been included. In general, the impact of variables such as pre-achievement/ stream and sex on pre-posttest change evident in some of the analyses points to the need for more research to develop differentiated learning materials. The conducted studies also show, e.g. through deviations from the assumed model of systemic thinking, that there is still a great need for more studies in terms of test- and model development for systemic and spatial thinking in a geographic context.Technologien, die auf Geographischen Informationssystemen (GIS) basieren, werden weithin in der Gesellschaft benutzt und zunehmend in LehrplĂ€ne und schulische Praxis integriert. Viele Behauptungen wurden aufgestellt, dass der Einsatz von GIS im Unterricht positive Auswirkungen auf eine große Auswahl von Leistungs- und affektiven Variablen hat. Jedoch sind empirische Belege dafĂŒr rar, besonders in der deutschen Situation. Systemisches Denken ist seit vielen Jahren zentral fĂŒr das Leitziel des deutschen Geographieunterrichts und stellt einen wichtigen Beitrag dar, um SchĂŒlerInnen fĂŒr das Leben in einer komplexen Welt vorzubereiten. Trotzdem sind bisher spezifische Testinstrumente und Studien, welche Faktoren aufklĂ€ren, die SchĂŒlerInnen helfen, diese Kompetenz zu verbessern, weit davon entfernt umfassend zu sein. Diese Dissertation hat das Ziel der Exploration des Einflusses einer kurzen ‘Arbeiten mit GIS’ vs. ‘Arbeiten mit Karten’-Unterrichtseinheit auf die SchĂŒlerleistung in Geographie, spezifisch der Kompetenz zum systemischen Denken. Basierend auf Literatur wurden eine Definition geographisch-systemischem Denkens und ein damit verbundenes Kompetenzmodell entwickelt. Insgesamt wurden drei Studien mit einmaligem Testzeitpunkt und zwei PrĂ€-/Posttest-Studien mit Kontrollgruppe durchgefĂŒhrt, um die Testinstrumente und das Treatment zu entwickeln sowie die Fragestellung zu untersuchen. Das Treatment verwendete das Thema ‘Tourismus in Kenia’. Teilweise wurden Desktop-, teilweise Web-basierte GIS-Versionen verwendet. In Studie 5 gab es zwei unterschiedliche Materialarten, welche parallele Inhalte/ Aufgaben enthielten. WĂ€hrend die eine ein Überblicksblatt ĂŒber die relevanten GIS-Funktionen (‘alt’) verwendete, wurden bei der anderen Schritt-fĂŒr-Schritt Anleitungen direkt in den Text integriert (‘neu’). Einbezogene Variablen waren systemisches Denken, Geschlecht, Alter, Schulart/Art des Geographiestudiums/PrĂ€test-Ergebnis, Klassenstufe/Semester, Sprach- und Migrationshintergrund, Vorerfahrung, affektive Variablen, PrĂ€test-Ergebnis im rĂ€umlichen Denken, Art des Treatments und der Materialien. Nicht alle Variablen wurden in jeder Studie verwendet. Die grĂ¶ĂŸte Studie (Studie 5) verwendete die Ergebnisse von 932 SiebtklĂ€sslerInnen fĂŒr die Auswertungen. Die Stichprobe enthĂ€lt sowohl Gymnasial- als auch RealschulschĂŒlerInnen aus drei deutschen BundeslĂ€ndern. Die Studie zeigt Probleme auf, wie z.B. Testzeit-BeschrĂ€nkungen, Kodierung offener Aufgaben, teilweise Deckeneffekte und Item-Schwierigkeiten, die teilweise von den Model-Erwartungen abweichen. FĂŒr die Auswertungen werden sowohl Durchschnitts-Rohwerte als auch WLE-Werte, die durch eine Rasch-Analyse gewonnen wurden, verwendet. ZusĂ€tzlich werden, auf Grundlage der WLEWerte, HLMs berechnet. Insgesamt verbessern sich GIS SchĂŒlerInnen nicht im systemischen Denken vom PrĂ€- zum Posttest. Folglich hat GIS keine positive, und teilweise eine signifikant negative Auswirkung im Vergleich zu Karten, z.B. in einer HLM bei der alle anderen Variablen, die einen signifikanten Einfluss haben, eingeschlossen wurden. Ergebnisse fĂŒr die Art der Materialien sind gemischt. Zum Beispiel zeigen auf der einen Seite t-Tests keinen signifikanten Unterschied in der PrĂ€-Posttest-VerĂ€nderung zwischen SchĂŒlerInnen, die mit den ‘alten’ und die mit den ‘neuen’ WebGIS Materialien arbeiten. Auf der anderen Seite zeigen die Gesamt-HLMs mit anderen eingeschlossenen Variablen einen signifikant negativen Effekt nur fĂŒr die ‘alten’ aber nicht fĂŒr die ‘neuen’ WebGIS Materialien. Nur 23 SchĂŒlerInnen konnten in die ‘haben schon einmal mit einem didaktischen GIS gearbeitet’-Teilgruppe eingeschlossen werden (vs. 520). Die Verbesserung dieser SchĂŒlerInnen vom PrĂ€- zum Posttest ist nicht signifikant, hat aber eine EffektstĂ€rke ĂŒber 0,2. Eine Berechnung, bei der die ‘Teilgruppe ohne Vorerfahrung’ auf SchĂŒlerInnen mit Ă€hnlichen Eigenschaften (z.B. in Bezug auf Schulart, GIS-Art) reduziert wurde, fĂŒhrt zu 19 vs. 84 SchĂŒlerInnen und Ă€hnlichen Ergebnissen. In beiden FĂ€llen schneiden die SchĂŒlerInnen mit Vorerfahrung nicht signifikant, aber ebenfalls mit einer EffektstĂ€rke ĂŒber 0,2, besser ab als die SchĂŒlerInnen ohne Vorerfahrungen. Insgesamt klingt in den Ergebnissen an, dass SchĂŒlerInnen mehr Vorerfahrung benötigen, um nicht so viel mentale KapazitĂ€t an das Gewöhnen an die Software gebunden zu haben und sich mehr auf die System-ZusammenhĂ€nge konzentrieren zu können. Aufgrund der Stichproben-Eigenschaften und des Untersuchungsdesigns kann dies durch die vorhandenen Daten jedoch nicht bewiesen werden und muss daher in zukĂŒnftigen Studien untersucht werden. Andere Variablen (Alter, Geschlecht, Migrations- und Sprachhintergrund, Schulart, PrĂ€test-Ergebnis, PrĂ€test-Ergebnis im rĂ€umlichen Denken) zeigen gemischte Ergebnisse in AbhĂ€ngigkeit von der verwendeten Analysemethode. Dies unterstreicht die Bedeutung der methodischen Entscheidungen und den Bedarf an Studien mit großer StichprobengrĂ¶ĂŸe, um individuelle Teilgruppen genauer betrachten zu können. DarĂŒber hinaus weisen die HLM Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass nicht alle beeinflussenden Variablen eingeschlossen wurden. Im Allgemeinen weist der Einfluss von Variablen wie PrĂ€-Leistung/Schulart und Geschlecht auf die VerĂ€nderung von PrĂ€- zu Posttest, welcher sich in einigen der Analysen gezeigt hat, auf den Bedarf an mehr Forschungsarbeiten hin, um differenzierte Lernmaterialien zu entwickeln. Die durchgefĂŒhrten Studien zeigen auch, z.B. durch Abweichungen von den angenommenen Modellen systemischen Denkens, dass immer noch ein großer Bedarf an mehr Studien in Bezug auf die Test- und Modellentwicklung fĂŒr systemisches und rĂ€umliches Denken in einem geographischen Kontext besteht

    An assessment framework and methodology for a Trends in International Geography Assessment Study (TIGAS)

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    Since 2016 an international research process has been underway to design and develop an international geography assessment for implementation in lower secondary education settings. One of the crucial steps in this process is the development and validation of an assessment framework that models the content and cognitive dimensions of geography education to enable internationally valid, reliable, and fair measures of geographic constructs. This paper provides a rationale for an international assessment in geography and reports the findings of foundational research that produced the provisional assessment framework. Our methodology draws on the evidence-centered design to educational assessment development, which involves a sequential approach to domain analysis and modelling. The framework will guide the specifications for tasks and tests, evaluation procedures, and measurement models. The article concludes with a reiteration of the value of an international assessment and an outline of the activities moving forward

    Issues in improving geography and earth science teacher education: Results of the #IPGESTE 2016 Conference

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    Earth Science and Geography teacher preparation has developed to some degree along different lines, despite sharing many of the same issues, especially with regard to challenges in teacher education. The conference “International Perspectives on Geography and Earth Science Teacher Education 2016” wanted to bring together educators from both sciences from around the world together to move the debate about these challenges forward. From the research presentations and the discussion during and after the conference, several issues emerged: (1) the importance of the two subjects not losing sight of each other; (2) the need to overcome language barriers; (3) the question of standards/objectives for geography teacher education (e.g. with regard to teachers’ (P)CK); (4) media used in teacher education (including ways to improve them); (5) ways to improve learners’ geography and earth science content knowledge; and (6) strategies to increase teachers’ professionalism. We already suggest some specific steps teacher educators in the two fields can take to improve teacher education. Yet, it also became clear that more research and strengthening international collaborations are needed, as well as better communication of the results of these efforts to practitioners

    Issues in Improving Geography and Earth Science Teacher Education: Results of the #IPGESTE 2016 Conference

    No full text
    Earth Science and Geography teacher preparation has developed to some degree along different lines, despite sharing many of the same issues, especially with regard to challenges in teacher education. The conference International Perspectives on Geography and Earth Science Teacher Education 2016 wanted to bring together educators from both sciences from around the world together to move the debate about these challenges forward. From the research presentations and the discussion during and after the conference, several issues emerged: (1) the importance of the two subjects not losing sight of each other; (2) the need to overcome language barriers; (3) the question of standards/objectives for geography teacher education (e.g. with regard to teachers\u27 (P)CK); (4) media used in teacher education (including ways to improve them); (5) ways to improve learners\u27 geography and earth science content knowledge; and (6) strategies to increase teachers\u27 professionalism. We already suggest some specific steps teacher educators in the two fields can take to improve teacher education. Yet, it also became clear that more research and strengthening international collaborations are needed, as well as better communication of the results of these efforts to practitioners
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