29 research outputs found

    Charge transfer between carbon nanotubes and sulfuric acid as determined by Raman spectroscopy

    Get PDF
    The spontaneous interaction between sulfuric acid and carbon nanotubes is studied using Raman spectroscopy. We are able to determine the charge transfer without any additional parameter using the spectral signature of inner and outer walls of double-wall carbon nanotubes. While for the outer wall both the lattice contraction and the nonadiabatic effects contribute to the phonon shift, only the lattice contraction contributes for the inner nanotube. For the outer nanotube, we are able to separate these two contributions of the Raman G-band shift as a function of the charge transfer. We have carried out density functional theory calculations on graphene to see how different chemical species (HSO4-, H2SO4, H+) affect the electronic band structure and electron-phonon coupling. The Raman G band shift for the outer nanotube, Δω as a function of hole harge transfer per carbon atom, fC, is found to be Δω (cm−1) = (350 ± 20)fC + (101 ± 8)√fC

    Optical Interference Substrates for Nanoparticles and Two-Dimensional Materials

    Get PDF
    Interference substrates are useful in enhancing Raman and luminescence signals and in increasing the optical contrast of nanoparticles and atomically thin layers. Interference substrates played a crucial role in the discovery of the electric field effect on electronic conduction in graphene a few years ago. They are now used for a wide range of two-dimensional materials and recently for the heterostructures of atomically thin films. The same or similar substrates can be employed for the exploration of a large variety of nanoparticles. Although optical interference has been known to occur within the proximity of surfaces for more than one century, optical interference has been only gradually used over the last two decades to enhance the optical response of nanoparticles and layered materials. We review the different forms of interference substrates used over time. While multiple interference effects are frequently put forward to explain the enhancement in interference substrates, we show here that the formation of optical surface standing waves near strongly reflecting surfaces is the main cause of field enhancement. In addition, we demonstrate how a metal layer improves optical field enhancement

    Electrical conductivity and Raman imaging of double wall carbon nanotubes in a polymer matrix

    Get PDF
    Raman spectroscopy is used to access the dispersion state of DWNTs in a PEEK polymer matrix. The interaction of the outer tube with the matrix can be determined from the line shape of the Raman G band. This allows us to distinguish regions where the nanotubes are well dispersed and regions where the nanotubes are agglomerated. The percolation threshold of the electrical conductivity of the double wall carbon nanotubes (DWNTs)/PEEK nanocomposites is found to be at 0.2–0.3 wt.%. We find a maximum electrical conductivity of 3 x 10-2 S/cm at 2 wt.% loading. We detect nanotube weight concentrations as low as 0.16 wt.% by Raman spectroscopy using a yellow excitation wavelength. We compare the Raman images with transmission electron microscopy images and electrical conductivity measurements. A statistical method is used to find a quantitative measure of the DWNTs dispersion in the polymer matrix from the Raman images

    Apparent Raman spectral shifts from nano-structured surfaces

    No full text
    International audienc

    combustion nanoparticules from transport systems (physico-chemical characterization and hygroscopicity)

    No full text
    L'émission dans l'atmosphÚre de nanoparticules issues des transports préoccupe la communauté scientifique à cause de leurs impacts probables sur le changement climatique. La compréhension de l'effet de ces émissions sur l'environnement reste faible principalement à cause du manque de données expérimentales sur la caractérisation de ces nanoparticules. Ce travail est axé sur les propriétés physico-chimiques des nanoparticules de combustion et sur leur interaction avec l'eau. L'hydroscopicité est l'un des paramÚtres déterminants liés à la formation des noyaux de condensation des nuages (NCN). Les données expérimentales montrent des différences dans la microstructure, la composition chimique et la morphologie des suies de laboratoire et des résidus émis par les transports. Les quantités d'eau absorbées sur la suie de chambre de combustion de moteur d'avion et sur les résidus issus de la combustion de fioul lourd et de diesel sont bien plus importantes que sur les suies de laboratoire. Nous pouvons ainsi supposer que ces particules agissent comme des noyaux actifs dans la formation des NCN.Transport emission of nanoparticles into atmosphere is of major interest because of its possible effect on climate changes. The understanding of the potential environmental effect of the aviation and ship emission is still poor maintly because of the lack in the experimental characterization of these nanoparticules. The present work focuses on physico-chemical properties of combustion nanoparticles and their interaction with water. hygroscopicity is on of the key parameters that are related to could condensation nuclei (CCN) activity and the environnemental effect. Experimental data show differences in the microstructure, elemental composition residuals coming from marine transport emitted residuals. Water uptake on combustion residuals coming from marine transport and aviation is higher than for laboratory-produced samples. We can therfore guess that these particules act as active CCN in the atmosphereAIX-MARSEILLE2-BU Sci.Luminy (130552106) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Etude structurale d’une suie de moteur d’avion par diffusion Ă©lastique de neutrons. Interaction eau/suie et implications atmosphĂ©riques

    No full text
    National audienceL’émission de nanoparticules carbonĂ©es (suies) par les avions dans la basse stratosphĂšre et la haute troposphĂšre a un impact sur le bilan radiatif. En effet, ces particules peuvent directement absorber/diffuser les radiations ou agir comme noyaux de condensation des « contrails », entraĂźnant la formation Ă©ventuelle de nuages qui modifient la couverture nuageuse et donc le bilan radiatif de l’atmosphĂšre. Pour mieux comprendre et quantifier ces effets, il est nĂ©cessaire de bien connaĂźtre les propriĂ©tĂ©s physico-chimiques de ces nanoparticules carbonĂ©es, ainsi que leur interaction avec l’eau.Ce travail se focalise sur la dĂ©termination des propriĂ©tĂ©s d’une suie produite par combustion de kĂ©rosĂšne dans une chambre de combustion de moteur d’avion. Les caractĂ©ristiques de cette suie sont comparĂ©es Ă  celles d’autres suies de rĂ©fĂ©rence:‱une suie de laboratoire (SL) produite par la combustion du mĂȘme kĂ©rosĂšne dans une lampe Ă  huile.‱une suie thermique (ST) produite Ă  partie de la pyrolyse de gaz naturel, elle reprĂ©sente un Ă©chantillon commercial non poreux‱une suie thermique graphitĂ©e (STG) obtenue Ă  partir du recuit Ă  trĂšs haute tempĂ©rature sous flux d’azote de la suie thermiqueLes mesures de diffusion Ă©lastique de neutrons rĂ©alisĂ©es Ă  l’Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL, Grenoble) sont complĂ©tĂ©es par des expĂ©riences de microscopie Ă©lectronique en transmission (MET), de microanalyse X (EDX), et de spectroscopie infrarouge Ă  transformĂ©e de Fourier (FTIR). Les donnĂ©es expĂ©rimentales montrent des diffĂ©rences dans la microstructure, la composition chimique, et la morphologie des suies de moteur d’avion par rapport aux suies de rĂ©fĂ©rence (SL, ST, STG) (e.g. prĂ©sence d’impuretĂ©s mĂ©talliques dans la suie d’avion).L’interaction eau/suie de moteur d’avion est caractĂ©risĂ©e par des mesures d’adsorption d’eau (isotherme) et de nuclĂ©ation de la glace sur ces derniĂšres

    Structure et dynamique de l’eau/glace adsorbĂ©e sur des suies d’avion - Implications atmosphĂ©riques

    No full text
    National audienceLes suies issues de la combustion du kĂ©rosĂšne dans les moteurs d’avion peuvent agir comme des noyaux de condensation de l’eau/glace dans l’atmosphĂšre et favoriser la formation de traĂźnĂ©es de condensation qui se transforment en nuages cirrus artificiels et modifient la couverture nuageuse [1]. Les mĂ©canismes de nuclĂ©ation de l’eau/glace sur ces particules sont encore mal identifiĂ©s [2]. Les Ă©tudes « in situ » Ă©tant difficilement rĂ©alisables nous essayons dans ce travail de dĂ©terminer par diffraction et diffusion quasiĂ©lastique de neutrons la structure et la dynamique de l'eau/glace adsorbĂ©e sur des suies de laboratoire dans les conditions de tempĂ©rature et d’humiditĂ© relative de l’atmosphĂšre [3]. Les rĂ©sultats obtenus sont comparĂ©s Ă  ceux obtenus sur de la suie originale rĂ©coltĂ©e Ă  la sortie d’une chambre de combustion rĂ©elle de moteur d’avion. La comparaison met en Ă©vidence le rĂŽle des impuretĂ©s chimiques et des dĂ©fauts structurels de la suie d’avion sur la nuclĂ©ation de l’eau/glace dans les conditions atmosphĂ©riques.[1]Baumgardner D., Kok G., Raga G. Geophys. Res. Lett. 31 (2004) L06117[2]KĂ€rcher B., Möhler O., DeMott P.J., Pechtl S., Yu F. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7 (2007) 4203-4227[3]Demirdjian B., Ferry D., Suzanne S., Popovicheva O., Persiantseva N.M., Kamaev A.V., Shonija N.K., Zubareva N.A. Chemical Physics Letters 480 (2009) 247–252[4]Tishkova V., ThĂšse de Doctorat de l’UniversitĂ© de la MĂ©diterranĂ©e, 2009[5]Demirdjian B., Ferry D., Suzanne J., Popovicheva O., Persiantseva N.M., Shonija. N.K. J. Atmos. Chem. 56 (2007) 8

    Neutron diffraction study of water freezing on aircraft engine combustor soot

    No full text
    International audienceThe study of the formation of condensation trails and cirrus clouds on aircraft emitted soot particles is important because of its possible effects on climate. In the present work we studied the freezing of water on aircraft engine combustor (AEC) soot particles under conditions of pressure and temperature similar to the upper troposphere. The microstructure of the AEC soot was found to be heterogeneous containing both primary particles of soot and metallic impurities (Fe, Cu, and Al). We also observed various surface functional groups such as oxygen-containing groups, including sulfate ions, that can act as active sites for water adsorption. Here we studied the formation of ice on the AEC soot particles by using neutron diffraction. We found that for low amount of adsorbed water, cooling even up to 215 K did not lead to the formation of hexagonal ice. Whereas, larger amount of adsorbed water led to the coexistence of liquid water (or amorphous ice) and hexagonal ice (Ih); 60% of the adsorbed water was in the form of ice Ih at 255 K. Annealing of the system led to the improvement of the crystal quality of hexagonal ice crystals as demonstrated from neutron diffraction

    A parameter to probe microdroplet dynamics and crystal nucleation

    No full text
    International audienceWe present a simple and efficient digital-image processing method to simultaneously monitor the contraction of a statistically relevant number of microdroplets of the same size and the nucleation of single salt crystals inside. Each individual microdroplet image is reduced to a scalar, standard deviation sigma, and overall microdroplet dynamics is monitored using standard-deviation time-evolution plots. It is shown that this approach makes it possible to measure the nucleation time and also that microdroplets interact via water diffusion dynamics. This effect actually decreases the nucleation rate, contrary to previous findings. This " sigma approach " can be compared to recording the order parameter in phase transition, which makes it ideal for studying dynamics of systems where images are the primary outputs
    corecore