A New Wood Preservative

The world owes much to pioneers who blazed the way against many obstacles in teaching wood preservation and conservation, and to the Forestry schools that have been established and to there students who carried on and are still carrying on. Not so many years ago the general opinion held that “there was plenty of wood standing for all time.” Today, conservation of wood is a reality and the world is conserving wood. While much has been done and much is yet being done we find the two old enemies of wood, Fire and Decay, taking an enormous annual toll

Cases, Regulations, and Statutes

<p>ND: not detected (i.e.<0.06 µg/ml lower limit of assay).</p><p>* Hrs post - 1^st dose A, 12^th dose B.</p><p>Median, minimum and maximum values for cervico-vaginal levels of 2G12(µg/ml) after adjustment for dilution factors.</p

Risk factors for <i>T. vaginalis</i> infection.

<p>*Girls who denied that they had ever had sex and were HSV-2 positive were excluded.</p>1<p>The total differs from 439 because of missing data for this factor.</p

Characteristics of the study population.

<p>Not all numbers tally due to missing information.</p

Dispersed bacteria versus biofilm.

<p>Confocal laser scanning images with 400x magnification of <i>G</i>. <i>vaginalis</i> biofilm in 2 vaginal slides (A and B) in a superimposed image: vaginal epithelial cells DAPI in blue and <i>G</i>. <i>vaginalis</i> specific PNA-probe Gard162 with Alexa Fluor 647 in red. A: vaginal sample with dispersed bacteria; B: vaginal sample with bacteria in biofilm.</p

Specificity testing in duplicate of PNA probes using cultured bacteria.

<p>¹(+) Presence of hybridization</p><p>²(-) Absence of hybridization.</p><p>The signal was considered positive if it had a positive counterpart in the DAPI stain and displayed a positive signal simultaneously with the broad-range probe. The signal was considered negative if no signal was seen with the species-specific probe.</p

<i>G</i>. <i>vaginalis</i> biofilm.

<p>Montage of confocal laser scanning images with 400x magnification of <i>G</i>. <i>vaginalis</i> biofilm, negative for <i>A</i>. <i>vaginae</i>, in 4 vaginal samples (A-D) in a superimposed image: vaginal epithelial cells DAPI in blue and <i>G</i>. <i>vaginalis</i> specific PNA-probe Gard162 with Alexa Fluor 647 in red. For clarity we omitted the BacUni-1 plane; the bacteria that did not hybridize with Gard162 are visible in DAPI blue.</p

Polymicrobial biofilm of <i>A</i>. <i>vaginae</i> and <i>G</i>. <i>vaginalis</i> in different panes.

<p>Confocal laser scanning image with 400 x magnification of polymicrobial biofilm in different panes, A: vaginal epithelial cells DAPI in blue, B: all bacteria, BacUni-1 PNA-probe with Alexa Fluor 555 in yellow, C: <i>A</i>. <i>vaginae</i> specific PNA-probe AtoITM1 with Alexa Fluor 488 in green, D: <i>G</i>. <i>vaginalis</i> specific PNA-probe Gard162 with Alexa Fluor 647 in red (superimposed image can be seen in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0136658#pone.0136658.g003" target="_blank">Fig 3A</a>).</p

Superimposed image of polymicrobial biofilm of <i>A</i>. <i>vaginae</i> and <i>G</i>. <i>vaginalis</i>.

<p>Montage of confocal laser scanning images with 400x magnification of polymicrobial biofilm in 6 vaginal samples (A-F) in a superimposed image: vaginal epithelial cells DAPI in blue, <i>G</i>. <i>vaginalis</i> specific PNA-probe Gard162 with Alexa Fluor 647 in red and <i>A</i>. <i>vaginae</i> specific PNA-probe AtoITM1 with Alexa Fluor 488 in green. For clarity we omitted the BacUni-1 plane; the bacteria that are not bound by the specific probes are visible in DAPI blue.</p

The association between quantitative polymerase chain reaction results for <i>G</i>. <i>vaginalis</i> and <i>G</i>. <i>vaginalis</i> sialidase of vaginal samples and fluorescence in situ hybridisation and Nugent score results of vaginal slides.

<p>The association between quantitative polymerase chain reaction results for <i>G</i>. <i>vaginalis</i> and <i>G</i>. <i>vaginalis</i> sialidase of vaginal samples and fluorescence in situ hybridisation and Nugent score results of vaginal slides.</p