10 research outputs found
Practical considerations for conducting ecotoxicity test methods with manufactured nanomaterials: what have we learnt so far?
This review paper reports the consensus of a technical workshop hosted by the European network, NanoImpactNet (NIN). The workshop aimed to review the collective experience of working at the bench with manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs), and to recommend modifications to existing experimental methods and OECD protocols. Current procedures for cleaning glassware are appropriate for most MNMs, although interference with electrodes may occur. Maintaining exposure is more difficult with MNMs compared to conventional chemicals. A metal salt control is recommended for experiments with metallic MNMs that may release free metal ions. Dispersing agents should be avoided, but if they must be used, then natural or synthetic dispersing agents are possible, and dispersion controls essential. Time constraints and technology gaps indicate that full characterisation of test media during ecotoxicity tests is currently not practical. Details of electron microscopy, dark-field microscopy, a range of spectroscopic methods (EDX, XRD, XANES, EXAFS), light scattering techniques (DLS, SLS) and chromatography are discussed. The development of user-friendly software to predict particle behaviour in test media according to DLVO theory is in progress, and simple optical methods are available to estimate the settling behaviour of suspensions during experiments. However, for soil matrices such simple approaches may not be applicable. Alternatively, a Critical Body Residue approach may be taken in which body concentrations in organisms are related to effects, and toxicity thresholds derived. For microbial assays, the cell wall is a formidable barrier to MNMs and end points that rely on the test substance penetrating the cell may be insensitive. Instead assays based on the cell envelope should be developed for MNMs. In algal growth tests, the abiotic factors that promote particle aggregation in the media (e.g. ionic strength) are also important in providing nutrients, and manipulation of the media to control the dispersion may also inhibit growth. Controls to quantify shading effects, and precise details of lighting regimes, shaking or mixing should be reported in algal tests. Photosynthesis may be more sensitive than traditional growth end points for algae and plants. Tests with invertebrates should consider non-chemical toxicity from particle adherence to the organisms. The use of semi-static exposure methods with fish can reduce the logistical issues of waste water disposal and facilitate aspects of animal husbandry relevant to MMNs. There are concerns that the existing bioaccumulation tests are conceptually flawed for MNMs and that new test(s) are required. In vitro testing strategies, as exemplified by genotoxicity assays, can be modified for MNMs, but the risk of false negatives in some assays is highlighted. In conclusion, most protocols will require some modifications and recommendations are made to aid the researcher at the bench. [Authors]]]>
Nanostructures; Toxicity Tests; Ecotoxicology/methods; Guidelines;
eng
https://serval.unil.ch/resource/serval:BIB_5FCE25CBF6A9.P001/REF.pdf
http://nbn-resolving.org/urn/resolver.pl?urn=urn:nbn:ch:serval-BIB_5FCE25CBF6A95
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oai:serval.unil.ch:BIB_5FCE8EA1AD9C
2022-02-19T02:22:28Z
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https://serval.unil.ch/notice/serval:BIB_5FCE8EA1AD9C
Apprendre à suivre une règle : jeux d'alternance et constitution du sujet moral
Erard, Y.
info:eu-repo/semantics/bookPart
incollection
2007
Morale et évolution biologique
oai:serval.unil.ch:BIB_5FC219D991AA
2022-02-19T02:22:28Z
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https://serval.unil.ch/notice/serval:BIB_5FC219D991AA
Réflexion sur la réduction de peine en cas de détention illicite
Parein, Loïc
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
article
2015
Revue de l'avocat, vol. 4, no. 15, pp. 166-170
info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1422-5778
fre
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2022-02-19T02:22:28Z
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https://serval.unil.ch/notice/serval:BIB_5FC2874DDD0E
Radial Ultrasound-Assisted Transbronchial Biopsy: A New Diagnostic Approach for Non-Resolving Pulmonary Infiltrates in Neutropenic Hemato-Oncological Patients.
info:doi:10.1007/s00408-016-9947-3
info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/10.1007/s00408-016-9947-3
info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pmid/27704258
Bernasconi, M.
Casutt, A.
Koutsokera, A.
Letovanec, I.
Tissot, F.
Nicod, L.P.
Lovis, A.
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
article
2016-12
Lung, vol. 194, no. 6, pp. 917-921
info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1432-1750
urn:issn:0341-2040
<![CDATA[The role of radial-endobronchial ultrasound (R-EBUS) assisted transbronchial biopsy (TBB) for the diagnosis of peripheral pulmonary lesions is well established. However, no study has addressed its safety and value in hemato-oncological patients presenting with non-resolving infiltrates during persistent febrile neutropenia. To assess safety and feasibility of R-EBUS assisted TBB in severe thrombocytopenic and neutropenic patients. Over a period of 18 months, eight patients were assessed with R-EBUS assisted TBB after adequate platelet transfusion. This technique allowed precise localisation and sampling of the pulmonary lesions in seven of eight patients. In the seven patients, R-EBUS assisted TBB enabled treatment optimization. Invasive fungal infection was diagnosed in four patients, idiopathic acute fibrinous and organising pneumonia in three patients, and a granulomatous inflammation of undetermined origin in one patient. Importantly, no complications, such as bleeding, were observed. R-EBUS assisted TBB is a promising and safe procedure for the evaluation of nonresolving pulmonary infiltrates in febrile neutropenic hemato-oncological patients
Effect of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) on Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and Induced Asynaptic Mutation: A Meiotic Study
Dispersed oil decreases the ability of a model fish (Dicentrarchus labrax) to cope with hydrostatic pressure
© 2016, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. Data on the biological impact of oil dispersion in deep-sea environment are scarce. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate the potential interest of a pressure challenge as a new experimental approach for the assessment of consequences of chemically dispersed oil, followed by a high hydrostatic pressure challenge. This work was conducted on a model fish: juvenile Dicentrarchus labrax. Seabass were exposed for 48 h to dispersant alone (nominal concentration (NC) = 4 mg L-1), mechanically dispersed oil (NC = 80 mg L-1), two chemically dispersed types of oil (NC = 50 and 80 mg L-1with a dispersant/oil ratio of 1/20), or kept in clean seawater. Fish were then exposed for 30 min at a simulated depth of 1350 m, corresponding to pressure of 136 absolute atmospheres (ATA). The probability of fish exhibiting normal activity after the pressure challenge significantly increased from 0.40 to 0.55 when they were exposed to the dispersant but decreased to 0.26 and 0.11 in the case of chemical dispersion of oil (at 50 and 80 mg L-1, respectively). The chemical dispersion at 80 mg L-1also induced an increase in probability of death after the pressure challenge (from 0.08 to 0.26). This study clearly demonstrates the ability of a pressure challenge test to give evidence of the effects of a contaminant on the capacity of fish to face hydrostatic pressure. It opens new perspectives on the analysis of the biological impact of chemical dispersion of oil at depth, especially on marine species performing vertical migrations