Forvaltning - notat om fordeling av ansvar på statlig, fylke og kommunalt nivå for kulturminner, drikkevannforsyning, beredskap, landbruksforvaltning og naturforvaltning

Denne rapporten gir en oversikt over forvaltningen innenfor sektorene drikkevannsforsyning, kulturminner, landbruk og naturmiljø samt innenfor beredskapsforvaltning. Rapporten kartlegger de ulike aktørene på forskjellige forvaltningsnivåer, og deres ansvarsforhold innen sektorene. Rapporten er utarbeidet til bruk i prosjektet, men vi tror også at flere utenfor prosjektet kunne være interessert i og ha nytte av denne oversikten

Waste free construction site - A buzzword, nice to have or more

The building and construction industry is responsible for up to 25% of the total waste generated globally. Most construction sites in Norway on average generate 40–60 kg waste per gross floor area built and the average material recovery rate is ca. 46%. Existing requirements focus on waste sorting as a measure to increase material recovery rates. There are on-going national activities with an ambition to achieve waste free construction sites. However, there is lack of a common definition, standard and transparent data collection, and reporting system. This study presents a method for the evaluation and follow-up of construction waste and the associated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The methodology was tested using the actual construction waste data collected from 36 Norwegian building cases to evaluate the quantity of construction waste, waste-related GHG emissions per building typology, sorting grade and waste recycling rate. The buildings in total generated ca. 7800 tonnes of waste and ca.12900 tonnes CO2eq and on average ca. 51 kg/m2 waste and 88kgCO2eq/m2. The building projects had a high average sorting grade (89%) and a low average recycling rate (32%). Gypsum, mixed wood, clean wood, and mixed waste are the top waste fractions representing ca. 56% of the total waste volume. This highlights there is still a long way to go to achieve waste free construction sites ambitions. The results also suggest the need for using transparent data collection and communication methods, collaboration in the value chain, stricter regulations, and incentives for encouraging the development of new and existing waste prevention solutions and technologies.publishedVersio

Designing a ZEN Campus: An exploration of ambition levels and system boundaries

The Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) is gathering from dispersed locations to one central campus at Gløshaugen, requiring an estimated 92 000 m2 new buildings and upgrading 45 000 m2 of existing buildings. NTNU has high environmental ambitions for the new campus, including zero-emission ambitions. This paper explores system boundary definitions and ambition levels in a Zero Emission Neighbourhood (ZEN) context. A key element is a plus energy campus that provides a surplus of renewable energy in the operational phase, that can compensate the carbon footprint of buildings, infrastructure and mobility. Preliminary energy and carbon analyses of the campus have been performed A key result is an overview of design choices and methodology choices for concept stage calculations for a zero-emission campus. Six system boundaries have been defined, with the production to consumption ratio varying from 19 % to 132 %. The lowest includes all buildings, the highest includes production from all buildings, but consumption only from new and renovated buildings. The main finding is that it is possible to realise a plus energy campus for new and renovated buildings, but not including non-renovated buildings. A plus energy campus requires a combination of PV and seasonal energy storage.publishedVersio

WTO, NGOer og Seattle : en analyse av mijøbevegelsens forsøk på å øve innflytelse over verdens handelsorganisasjon

Konflikten mellom handel og miljø har gjennom hele 1990-tallet ulmet i GATT/WTO, og kulminerte med demonstrasjonene utenfor Ministermøtet i Seattle. GATT/WTOs svake eller manglende vilje til å ta miljøvern inn i sitt regelverk og vurderinger bunner i ideologiske, men også institusjonelle og realpolitiske forhold. GATT-reglene er uten referanse til miljøvern, og manglende relasjoner med det sivile samfunn, skjermet WTO lenge for impulser og miljøkritikk. Organisasjonens sterke forankring i frihandelsideologien bidro til å vanskeliggjøre dialogen med kritikerne. Ettersom WTO vært en sentral drivkraft i dereguleringen av verdenshandelen, har den også blitt en skyteskive for globaliseringskritikere. Utfallene av miljøtvistene i WTO, bidro til å bygge opp under den sterke kritikken. Radikale miljøorganisasjoner hevdet at miljøinteressene taper samtlige saker som kommer opp for WTOs TLM. Formålet for denne studien var å undersøke hva som fremmer eller hindrer ENGOenes (miljøorganisasjonenes) innflytelse over WTOs behandling av miljøvernspørsmål. På bakgrunn av disse case studiene, slås det fast at på tross av manglende formell adgang til WTOs beslutningsprosesser, har ENGOer hatt innflytelse over enkelte avgjørelser. Tross institusjonelle, realpolitiske og ideologiske barrierer, har ENGOer maktet å øve innflytelse på WTO først og fremst ved hjelp av sin idémakt og evne til å komme med faglig solide budskap. ENGOers innflytelse i internasjonal politikk, betinger at de besitter solid kunnskap og ekspertise som de kan presentere på den indre politiske agenda. Idémakt er ikke nok i seg selv, for institusjonelle og realpolitiske barrierer har hindret miljøvern og ENGOer i å komme på dagsordenen. Gjennom å alliere seg med toneangivende aktører med solid maktbasis, har de oppnådd enkelte gjennomslag. Generelt sett har ENGOenes innvirkning på WTOs miljøpolitiske prosesser vist seg å være sterkt begrenset. For å overkomme de nevnte institusjonelle, realpolitiske og idémessige barrierene, har ENGOenes valg av strategi- og policy har hatt stor betydning. Moderate ENGOer har gjennom sin målrettede satsning på å påvirke tvisteløsningsmekanismen (TLM), oppnådd flere prinsipielle gjennomslag. ENGOene hadde derimot tidlig på 1990-tallet, svært liten betydning da mer radikale strategier dominerte. Da f.eks GATTs komite for handel og miljø gjenopplivet. Marrakesh-deklarasjonen kom derimot mer som følge av press fra ENGOer nasjonalt på en toneangivende aktør, USA. ENGOene hadde derimot minimal innflytelse på WTOs politiske prosesser, og radikale ENGOers retorikk om at WTO gjennom TLM bidrar til å svekke miljøet og miljølovgivningen. Moderate ENGOer derimot viser til at de med sine velrettede faglige innspill har oppnådd viktige endringer. Når det ikke foregår forhandlinger, har TLM vært den viktigste arenaen for endring. Forsøkene på å starte en ny forhandlingsrunde illustrerte hvordan internasjonal politikk har forandret seg iløpet av 1990-tallet. Representanter fra det sivile samfunn kan gjennom godt utbygde nettverk og koalisjoner ha betydning. Studien illustrerer at internasjonal politikk er i endring. Skillet mellom utenriks- og innenrikspolitikk er blitt vagere og ikke-statlige aktører opererer på begge plan. Samspillet mellom innenriks- og utenrikspolitiske faktorer bør dominerende statsvitenskaplig teori ta inn over seg. Likeså betydningen av kognitive eller idémessige forhold, som kan ha innvirkning på aktørers preferanser. Oppgaven viser hvordan frihandelsideologien var sterkt innarbeidet både i organisasjonens prosedyrer og tenkesett. Et slikt aspekt blir borte f.eks i tradisjonelle Putnam-baserte analyser av forhandlingssituasjoner. For ofte er det mer enn interesser og rasjonelle tilnærminger som styrer staters preferanser. Vi ser at både institusjonelle, kognitive og realpolitiske forhold kan legge begrensninger på ENGOers innflytelse internasjonalt. Men særlig utviklingen av et transnasjonalt sivilt samfunn og ENGOers strategivalg, kompetanse og evne til å koble nivåene, gjør at enkelte kan overkomme slike strukturelle hindringer på selv så statsdominerte felter som handelspolitikk og tvisteløsning

Designing a ZEN Campus: An exploration of ambition levels and system boundaries

The Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) is gathering from dispersed locations to one central campus at Gløshaugen, requiring an estimated 92 000 m2 new buildings and upgrading 45 000 m2 of existing buildings. NTNU has high environmental ambitions for the new campus, including zero-emission ambitions. This paper explores system boundary definitions and ambition levels in a Zero Emission Neighbourhood (ZEN) context. A key element is a plus energy campus that provides a surplus of renewable energy in the operational phase, that can compensate the carbon footprint of buildings, infrastructure and mobility. Preliminary energy and carbon analyses of the campus have been performed A key result is an overview of design choices and methodology choices for concept stage calculations for a zero-emission campus. Six system boundaries have been defined, with the production to consumption ratio varying from 19 % to 132 %. The lowest includes all buildings, the highest includes production from all buildings, but consumption only from new and renovated buildings. The main finding is that it is possible to realise a plus energy campus for new and renovated buildings, but not including non-renovated buildings. A plus energy campus requires a combination of PV and seasonal energy storage

Can the clean development mechanism attain both cost-effectiveness and sustainable development objectives?

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), as defined in the Kyoto Protocol, has two objectives: to promote sustainable development in host developing countries, and to improve global cost-effectiveness by assisting developed countries in meeting their Kyoto targets. The aim of this paper is to explore the background of the CDM and discuss to what extent its current design allows it to achieve its dual objective. The first part of the paper is a literature review that includes descriptions of the flexibility mechanisms under the Kyoto Protocol, the CDM’s market potential, and the issues of cost-effectiveness and sustainable development. In the second part of the paper, we discuss to what extent there is a conflict between cost-effectiveness and sustainability, and whether the two objectives of the CDM can be achieved simultaneously. We develop a set of indicators to evaluate non-carbon benefits of CDM projects on the environment, development, and equity, and show how these indicators can be used in practice by looking at case studies of CDM project candidates in the energy sector from Brazil and China. We demonstrate that for some CDM projects there is a trade-off between cost-effectiveness, in terms of a low quota price, and a high score on sustainability indicators. We have reason to believe that the size of the CDM market in some studies is over-estimated since transaction costs and the challenge of promoting sustainable development are not fully accounted for. Also, we find that the proposed set of indicators can be a necessary tool to assure that sustainability impacts of CDM projects are taken into consideration

Designing a ZEN Campus: An exploration of ambition levels and system boundaries

The Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) is gathering from dispersed locations to one central campus at Gløshaugen, requiring an estimated 92 000 m2 new buildings and upgrading 45 000 m2 of existing buildings. NTNU has high environmental ambitions for the new campus, including zero-emission ambitions. This paper explores system boundary definitions and ambition levels in a Zero Emission Neighbourhood (ZEN) context. A key element is a plus energy campus that provides a surplus of renewable energy in the operational phase, that can compensate the carbon footprint of buildings, infrastructure and mobility. Preliminary energy and carbon analyses of the campus have been performed A key result is an overview of design choices and methodology choices for concept stage calculations for a zero-emission campus. Six system boundaries have been defined, with the production to consumption ratio varying from 19 % to 132 %. The lowest includes all buildings, the highest includes production from all buildings, but consumption only from new and renovated buildings. The main finding is that it is possible to realise a plus energy campus for new and renovated buildings, but not including non-renovated buildings. A plus energy campus requires a combination of PV and seasonal energy storage

Roller i det nasjonale arbeidet med håndtering av naturfarer

Rambøll presenterer med dette sluttrapporten for prosjektet ”ministudie av roller i det nasjonale arbeidet med håndtering av naturfare for tre samarbeidende direktorater”. Prosjektet er gjennomført på oppdrag fra NVE, SVV og JBV og inngår som en del av NIFS-satsningen (naturfare – infrastruktur, flom og skred). Rapporten drøfter ansvars- og rollefordeling mellom NVE, Jernbaneverket og Statens Vegvesen i arbeidet med å håndtere naturfare

Shifting strategies in the global climate negotiations

Although the international climate change regime represents a genuinely global policy process, some actors have a more pivotal role than others – either as dynamos that drive the process, or as barriers to further development. We focus on four pivotal actors, which also are the four largest emitters of greenhouse gases in the world: the United States, China, the European Union, and Russia. We argue that the withdrawal of the United States from the Kyoto process has led to a shift of strategies in the climate regime, with a more pronounced split between the EU and like-minded countries on the one side and G77/China and the USA on the other, and Russia playing an even more pivotal role than it did earlier. We point out how understanding the role of domestic policies and pressure groups is vital for understanding the positions and strategies taken by countries examined here. We discuss how the current developments in their policy-making can explain the shift of alliances in the climate regime, and what it might mean for the future of international climate collaboration, and conclude on whether or not interests are becoming more polarized

Climate policy beyond 2012: A survey of long-term targets and future frameworks

This report is based on a comprehensive and structured literature review of key issues associated with long-term goals for climate policy, and to the framework for implementing climate policy. The study provides a basis for working with global climate policy after 2012, whether the Kyoto Protocol enters into force or not. The main challenges are to achieve broader participation in future climate agreements than has been the case with the Kyoto Protocol, especially with respect to the USA and developing countries, and to achieve deep emissions reductions to prevent human-induced climate change from getting out of control. The discussion of climate goals is divided into advantages and challenges presented by long-term climate goals, goals connected to the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, goals connected to the impacts of climate change, and the issue of setting short-term emissions targets as a step in meeting long-term goals. The discussion of implementing climate policy is divided into architecture of future climate policy, different types of national commitments under a global agreement, and differentiation of national emissions reductions targets