Institutionalization of conflict and compromise solutions and social and labor relations in higher educational institutions

Background/Objectives: The article examines qualitative change in the nature and dynamics of social and labor relations in higher education. Their analysis is predefined by the institutional chain of poverty and poorly functioning institutions. Methods/Statistical analysis: To achieve the objectives, the following general scientific and special methods were applied: comparative-historical, statistical analysis, expert-analytical. We used a sample statistical observation, analysis of interval and discrete distribution series, analytical adjustment method based on matching theoretical smooth curve describing empirical data to identify trends and patterns of the state of social and labor relations and salary formation and the conflict-compromise decisions made. Findings: Based on the obtained data on the labor conditions of the academic teaching staff, it was found that there are no properly developed legal institutions to effectively support teachers in their struggle for their economic interests; the system of employment agreements is underdeveloped; there are no instruments to prevent and to solve labor conflicts at the mezoeconomic level; the agreements existing at different levels are not efficient. By comparing the theoretical and methodological approaches and legislation the role of mediation and of social and labor relations was identifies and their application in practice was examined, as well as differences in the labor conflicts settlement processes and opportunities thereof; peculiarities of collective bargaining at the national and sectoral level. The conducted analysis enabled to develop the main stages for transforming the institutions of social and labor relations and the matrix for carrying out a parallel stage-by-stage analysis of the industry specific agreements affecting conflict and compromise solutions in higher education institutions. This resulted in discovering the social anti-ratchet effect. Improvements: The implementation of conflict-compromise solutions is required to transform qualitatively social and labor relations using voluntary conciliation and mediation mechanisms, and processes arising out of collective bargaining in higher education

Institutionalization of conflict and compromise solutions and social and labor relations in higher educational institutions

Background/Objectives: The article examines qualitative change in the nature and dynamics of social and labor relations in higher education. Their analysis is predefined by the institutional chain of poverty and poorly functioning institutions. Methods/Statistical analysis: To achieve the objectives, the following general scientific and special methods were applied: comparative-historical, statistical analysis, expert-analytical. We used a sample statistical observation, analysis of interval and discrete distribution series, analytical adjustment method based on matching theoretical smooth curve describing empirical data to identify trends and patterns of the state of social and labor relations and salary formation and the conflict-compromise decisions made. Findings: Based on the obtained data on the labor conditions of the academic teaching staff, it was found that there are no properly developed legal institutions to effectively support teachers in their struggle for their economic interests; the system of employment agreements is underdeveloped; there are no instruments to prevent and to solve labor conflicts at the mezoeconomic level; the agreements existing at different levels are not efficient. By comparing the theoretical and methodological approaches and legislation the role of mediation and of social and labor relations was identifies and their application in practice was examined, as well as differences in the labor conflicts settlement processes and opportunities thereof; peculiarities of collective bargaining at the national and sectoral level. The conducted analysis enabled to develop the main stages for transforming the institutions of social and labor relations and the matrix for carrying out a parallel stage-by-stage analysis of the industry specific agreements affecting conflict and compromise solutions in higher education institutions. This resulted in discovering the social anti-ratchet effect. Improvements: The implementation of conflict-compromise solutions is required to transform qualitatively social and labor relations using voluntary conciliation and mediation mechanisms, and processes arising out of collective bargaining in higher education

Ecological-and-economic approach to the use of recycled biomaterials as an energy resource

The problem of the traditional energy resources exhaustion which is also arising in the process of their exploitation as a factor of the environmental degradation is observed in the paper. The authors have analyzed the possibility of using alternative raw materials based on recycled plant biomaterials as renewable substitutes for energy sources. According to analytical data, it is shown that the biofuel demand as an alternative form of energy meets regulatory requirements that impose restrictions on the sulfur emission rate to the environment which are built up in the result of traditional combustible materials burning. The authors esteem the feasibility of all-around usage of various types of recycled biomaterials as a fuel. Within this framework, conducted study is a priority and promising direction for the world’s economy and energy, and the analysis of the main technical and economic characteristics of various types of waste biomass. © 2019, Econjournals. All rights reserved

Institutional traps of wages and income inequality

The experience of countries with developed economies testifies to the constructiveness of labor relations. However, the prerequisites of the behavior of actors in social and labor relations, the presence of institutional opportunism, and the increased role of the methodology for researching the labor inequality make a strong case for a theoretical and methodological justification for reassessing social and labor relations and reforming the institution of labor compensation based on the study of institutional traps. The article deals with the analysis of institutional traps and identification of sources of wages and income inequality and development of methodological, scientific and practical recommendations to analyze the system of indicators affecting the pricing institution in the labor market. To solve the set goals, the authors used special economic methods: comparison by using numerical and content estimates, time series analysis by singling out regular time and trend-dependent components of trends, etc. Based on the obtained data on institutional traps formed in the social and labor sphere, it was established that an increase in the resource price expressed in growth of the wage rate under the pressure of trade unions increases the employers’ costs, slows down the demand for labor, and, consequently, leads to the worsening of the terms of employment, which is a theoretical result of institutional paradigm. The available non-market indicators influence the formation of institutional traps. A matrix of non-market indicators was developed on the basis of the conducted analysis. © 2018, ASERS Publishing House. All rights reserved

Institutional traps of wages and income inequality

The experience of countries with developed economies testifies to the constructiveness of labor relations. However, the prerequisites of the behavior of actors in social and labor relations, the presence of institutional opportunism, and the increased role of the methodology for researching the labor inequality make a strong case for a theoretical and methodological justification for reassessing social and labor relations and reforming the institution of labor compensation based on the study of institutional traps. The article deals with the analysis of institutional traps and identification of sources of wages and income inequality and development of methodological, scientific and practical recommendations to analyze the system of indicators affecting the pricing institution in the labor market. To solve the set goals, the authors used special economic methods: comparison by using numerical and content estimates, time series analysis by singling out regular time and trend-dependent components of trends, etc. Based on the obtained data on institutional traps formed in the social and labor sphere, it was established that an increase in the resource price expressed in growth of the wage rate under the pressure of trade unions increases the employers’ costs, slows down the demand for labor, and, consequently, leads to the worsening of the terms of employment, which is a theoretical result of institutional paradigm. The available non-market indicators influence the formation of institutional traps. A matrix of non-market indicators was developed on the basis of the conducted analysis. © 2018, ASERS Publishing House. All rights reserved

Case of phenotype of optic nerve atrophy due to mutation in С19orf12 gene (neurodegeneration with the brain iron accumulation (nbia))

M.E. Ivanova1, V.V. Kadyshev2, D.S. Atarshchikov3, I.V. Zolnikova4, N.P. Akchurina4, N.K. Serova5, F.A. Konovalov6, E.R. Lozier6, E.A. Pomerantseva7, N.V. Vetrova7, D. Barh8, L.M. Balashova9,&nbsp;J.M. Salmasi10 1 LLC “Oftalmic”, Moscow, Russian Federation 2 Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russian Federation 3 Central Clinical Hospital under Presidential Affairs, Moscow, Russian Federation 4 Moscow Helmholtz Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russian Federation 5 N.N. Burdenko National Medical Research Center of Neurosurgery, Moscow, Russian Federation 6 Independent Clinical Bioinformatics Laboratory, Moscow, Russian Federation 7 Center for Genetics and Reproductive Medicine “Genetiko”, Moscow, Russian Federation 8 Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology (IIOAB), Bangalore, India 9 Non-profit partnership International Scientific and Practical Center for the Proliferation of Tissues of Russia, Moscow, Russian Federation 10Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation The article describes the clinical case of optic atrophy due to a homozygous mutation in exon 3 of the C19orf12 gene (chr19: 30193863AACAGCCCCCCG&gt; A, rs515726204), the frequency of which in the ExAC control sample is 0.0074. With this mutation, a frameshift occurs at 69-th position (p.Gly69fs, NM_001031726.3), which usually leads to neurodegeneration with the brain iron accumulation (NBIA), type 4 (OMIM: 614298). In described clinical case the main complaint of patient was visual impairment, with magnetic resonance imaging patient revealed only the expansion of the sellar fossa. The vision of 7-year-old boy decreased significantly for 2 years without any apparent reasons, spectacle correction did not give an improvement in vision to 100%. During the examination partial atrophy of the optic nerves was revealed, consultations were conducted with a neurologist, neurophthalmologist. Hyperreflexia, gait changes, and a slight delay in speech development were also revealed. No other clinical neurological symptoms were observed. The article describes a detailed ophthalmic clinical picture, discusses diagnostic and therapeutic tactics. Keywords: optic nerve atrophy, neurodegeneration with the brain iron accumulation, NBIA, mutation, gene, C19orf12. For citation: Ivanova M.E., Kadyshev V.V., Atarshchikov D.S. et al. Case of phenotype of optic nerve atrophy due to mutation in С19orf12 gene (neurodegeneration with the brain iron accumulation (nbia)). Russian Journal of Clinical Ophthalmology. 2020;20(1):–36. DOI: 10.32364/2311-7729-2020-20-1-33-36. </p

Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990�2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: Ending the global tobacco epidemic is a defining challenge in global health. Timely and comprehensive estimates of the prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden are needed to guide tobacco control efforts nationally and globally. Methods: We estimated the prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden for 204 countries and territories, by age and sex, from 1990 to 2019 as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study. We modelled multiple smoking-related indicators from 3625 nationally representative surveys. We completed systematic reviews and did Bayesian meta-regressions for 36 causally linked health outcomes to estimate non-linear dose-response risk curves for current and former smokers. We used a direct estimation approach to estimate attributable burden, providing more comprehensive estimates of the health effects of smoking than previously available. Findings: Globally in 2019, 1·14 billion (95 uncertainty interval 1·13�1·16) individuals were current smokers, who consumed 7·41 trillion (7·11�7·74) cigarette-equivalents of tobacco in 2019. Although prevalence of smoking had decreased significantly since 1990 among both males (27·5 26·5�28·5 reduction) and females (37·7% 35·4�39·9 reduction) aged 15 years and older, population growth has led to a significant increase in the total number of smokers from 0·99 billion (0·98�1·00) in 1990. Globally in 2019, smoking tobacco use accounted for 7·69 million (7·16�8·20) deaths and 200 million (185�214) disability-adjusted life-years, and was the leading risk factor for death among males (20·2% 19·3�21·1 of male deaths). 6·68 million 86·9% of 7·69 million deaths attributable to smoking tobacco use were among current smokers. Interpretation: In the absence of intervention, the annual toll of 7·69 million deaths and 200 million disability-adjusted life-years attributable to smoking will increase over the coming decades. Substantial progress in reducing the prevalence of smoking tobacco use has been observed in countries from all regions and at all stages of development, but a large implementation gap remains for tobacco control. Countries have a clear and urgent opportunity to pass strong, evidence-based policies to accelerate reductions in the prevalence of smoking and reap massive health benefits for their citizens. Funding: Bloomberg Philanthropies and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens